Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
A new genus from Borneo,
Sam YY, Takano A, Ibrahim H, Záveská E, Aziz F (2016)
Southeast Asia is the centre of diversity for the family
The genus
The morphological study was based on living plants in the forest, cultivated plants in the nursery of the
Fresh leaves from the cultivated plants or silica-dried materials from plants collected in the field were used for genomic DNA extraction.
For the ITS, the genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Two primers, ITS 5P (5’-GGAAGGAGAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3’) and ITS 8P (5’-CACGCTTCTCCAGACTACA3’) (
For the matK, the protocols for DNA extraction, condition, purification and DNA sequencing were described previously by
Raw sequence data were assembled and edited manually using BioEdit software ver. 7.2.5 (
A total of 100 individuals including 54 taxa of
List of accession details, vouchers and references used in the phylogenetic analyses.
No | Subfamily | Tribe | Species | ITS | matK | References/Voucher |
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1 |
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2 |
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3 | – |
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4 |
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5 |
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7 |
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8 |
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9 |
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10 |
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11 |
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12 |
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13 | – |
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14 |
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15 |
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16 | – |
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17 |
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18 |
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19 |
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S 99106 ( |
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20 |
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21 |
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22 |
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23 |
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24 |
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25 |
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26 |
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27 |
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28 |
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29 |
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30 |
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31 |
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Ngamriabsakul 24 (E) | |||
32 |
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Adele Smith 18 (E) | |||
33 |
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34 |
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35 |
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36 |
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37 |
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38 | – |
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39 |
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40 |
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41 |
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42 |
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Nagamasu 8274 ( |
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43 | – |
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44 |
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45 |
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46 |
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49 |
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50 |
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51 |
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52 |
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53 |
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54 |
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55 |
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56 |
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57 | – |
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58 |
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59 | – |
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60 |
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61 |
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62 |
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63 |
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64 | – |
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65 |
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66 |
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67 | – |
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FRI47184 ( |
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68 |
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69 |
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70 |
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71 |
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72 |
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Anon C 8003 & C. Ngamriabsakul 25 (E) | |||
73 |
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74 |
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75 | – |
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76 |
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77 | – |
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78 |
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79 | – |
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80 |
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81 | – |
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3175 | |||
82 |
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83 |
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84 |
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85 |
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86 |
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87 |
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88 | – |
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89 |
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90 | – |
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91 | – |
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92 | – |
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93 |
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94 |
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95 | – |
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K.Meekiong (HUMS) | |||
96 |
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97 |
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98 |
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99 |
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100 |
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The ITS datasets for 82 individuals with 29 taxa of
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequence data by the Maximum Likelihood method. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values of
The matK datasets for 78 individuals including 25 taxa of
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the matK sequence data by the Maximum Likelihood method. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values of
Each of the two
The combined ITS and matK datasets for 61 individuals including 13 taxa of
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the ITS+matK sequence data by the Maximum Likelihood method. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values of
Two
The
Bladeless sheaths
The inflorescences of
Besides the characteristics of the floral bracts, the variegation on the labellum can give a quick guide to the two genera. Most
Both
Stigma
Similar to
Terrestrial rhizomatous herb, evergreen, rarely exceeding 50 cm in height. Rhizome creeping on the ground, terminal decumbent, rhizome elements short or long; roots fine, extensive, not tuberous. Leafy stem unifoliate, enclosed by a few bladeless sheaths at base, bladeless sheaths linear, papery, glabrous to hairy, light green or light brown, decaying early, leaf sheath glabrous or hairy, base swollen, margin thin and narrow; ligule membranous, inconspicuous, decaying early; petiole channelled in cross section, glabrous, lamina narrowly ovate to elliptic, rarely oblong, asymmetric, margin entire, smooth.
Inflorescence flowering from base to apex; peduncle short, usually hidden within leaf sheath; spike composed of compact rachis and 2–5 (–13) fertile bracts, bracts spirally and closely overlapping (rarely distichous), boat-shaped, 2-keeled, pink, pale brown, pale or light green, thin, translucent, glabrous or hairy, decaying early, marcescent, amplexicaul at the base of the bract, cincinni compact, 2–3 flowers in each cincinnus. First bracteole directly opposite floral bract and enclosing all the flowers and subsequent bracteoles, linear-shaped, 2-keeled, shorter than bracts, rarely same length. Flowers thin, delicate, ephemeral. Calyx tubular, splitting unilaterally on one side, floral tube long slender, usually puberulent externally, inner surface with a groove enveloping the style, corolla lobes 3, triangular ovate, translucent, glabrous, dorsal lobe apex hooded, lateral lobes 2, narrower than dorsal lobe. Staminodes elliptic to narrowly obovate, white, light yellow or green, spreading laterally, lined with translucent veins from base to apex, covered with glandular hairs on adaxial surface. Labellum obovate, flat, bilobed distally, rarely entire, translucent veins spread from base to apical part, pale white, pink, lilac or violet, median band light yellow or greenish yellow, without coloured streaks or patches beside the band, adaxial surface covered with glandular hairs. Stamen bends forward over labellum, usually white and covered with glandular hairs on abaxial surface, filament grooved, short, anther theacae 2, linear, dehiscing along entire length, basal ending with or without short spur, anther crest short, not recurved. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, unilocular, with basal placentation, less than 10 locules. Stigma small, held at apex of thecae, near oblate, 2 dorsal knobs, ostiole forward facing, ciliate. Epigynous glands 2, filiform, yellow. Fruit a capsule, ellipsoid or ovoid. Seeds not seen.
This new genus is named after the island of Borneo and -
Borneo. The genus is currently known to occur only in the northwest and possibly central Borneo. Eight species are recorded from Sarawak, Malaysia and many more are undescribed.
1 | Adaxial lamina with distinctly raised tessellate venation |
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– | Adaxial lamina without distinctly raised tessellate venation |
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2 | Lamina broadly oblanceolate and elliptic to oblong, lateral veins conspicuously raised on adaxial surface |
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– | Lamina linear, lanceolate to broadly ovate and elliptic, lateral veins not conspicuously raised on adaxial surface |
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3 | Lamina linear to very narrowly lanceolate, < 3 cm wide |
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– | Lamina lanceolate, ovate to elliptic, > 3 cm wide |
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4 | Leaf sheath plus petiole < 10 cm long; lamina apex broadly acute to rounded, base cuneate |
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– | Leaf sheath plus petiole > 10 cm long; lamina apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate, cordate, rounded or truncated |
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5 | Lamina lanceolate to ovate, < 7 cm wide |
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– | Lamina elliptic to broadly elliptic and ovate, > 7 cm wide |
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6 | Basal lamina rounded to truncated; inflorescence stalk 3–9 cm long; labellum pale lilac |
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– | Basal lamina attenuate; inflorescence stalk 1–2 cm long; labellum purplish blue |
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7 | Inflorescence about 3 cm long; labellum pale pink |
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– | Inflorescence > 7 cm long; labellum white |
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MALAYSIA. Sarawak, First Division, Lundu, near foot of Gunung Perigi, 6 Aug 1962, Burtt B2700 (holotype: E!).
It is one of the most distinctive species, either in the field or herbarium sheet. This dainty plant has a long creeping rhizome and well spaced leafy shoots, prominently stiff lateral veins raised on its adaxial lamina, both on living plants and dried specimens.
MALAYSIA. Sarawak, Kuching Division, Matang Wildlife Centre, 21 May 2014 Meekiong et al. s.n. (holotype:
MALAYSIA. Sarawak, Kuching Division, Bau area, Gunung Tai Ton,
MALAYSIA. Sarawak, Kapit, Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Bukit Menyarin, 3 April 2008, Meekiong MK1839 (holotype:
MALAYSIA. Sarawak, First Division, Mt. Singhi (= Gunung Singai), Dec 1892, Haviland 2026 (lectotype: K! designated by
Cultivated in
MALAYSIA. Sarawak, Kapit, Ulu Katibas, Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Bukit Sepali, 30 April 2008, Meekiong MK1856 (holotype
MALAYSIA. Sarawak, Kuching Division, Bau, Gunung Buan,
The phylogenetic analyses confirm the distinctive character of
Morphologically,
Based on morphology,
Comparison between the morphological characters of
Morphology |
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Plant height | to 50(–60) cm | to 60 cm | 70 cm | to 100 cm |
Number of leaf in each leafy shoot | 1 | 1–3 | 3–10 | 1–7 |
Bladeless sheath | Papery, drying fast | Papery, decaying fast | Not mentioned | Coriaceous, persistent |
Leaf (cm) | 6–37 × 1–18; petiolate | 15–28 × 8.3–14.5; petiolate | 50–65 × 7–17; sessile | 9–50 × 3–24; petiolate or sessile |
Inflorescence height (cm) | 3–11.5 | to 15.5 | 6.5–18 | 4–28 |
Number of floral bracts | 3–13 | 7–13 | c. 40 | 4–44 |
Arrangement of floral bracts | Spiral, rarely distichous | Distichous | Spiral | Spiral, rarely distichous |
Floral bracts | Thin, translucent, without mucilage; drying fast | Without mucilage; persistent | Coriaceous, with mucilage; persistent | Coriaceous, without mucilage; persistent |
Flowers | In cincinni | In cincinni | Solitary | In cincinni |
First bracteole | Open to base, 2-keeled | Tubular, 2-keeled | Open to base, 2-keeled | Open to base, 2-keeled |
Floral tube | With a groove in inner surface, glabrous to puberulent externally | Without a groove in inner surface, glabrous externally | With a groove in inner surface, glabrous externally | With a groove in inner surface, glabrous externally |
Labellum | Bilobed, rarely entire, not concave; without coloured streaks beside median band | Bilobed, not concave; without coloured streaks beside median band | Not bilobed, entire, concave; without coloured streaks beside median band | Bilobed, rarely entire, not concave; with coloured streaks beside median band |
Thecae | Spurs absent or with short free basal spurs | Spurs absent | Spurs present and long | Spurs absent or with short free basal spurs |
Anther | Adnate | Adnate | Versatile | Adnate |
Ovary | Unilocular with basal placentation | Trilocular with axile placentation | Unilocular with basal placentation | Unilocular with basal placentation |
Chromosome number | 2 |
2 |
— | 2 |
Geographical distribution | Borneo | Vietnam | Borneo | Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo |
The morphology of
1 | Inflorescence arising directly from the rhizome on a leafless shoot |
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– | Inflorescence emerging at the terminal of the leafy shoot |
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2 | Distinct swelling at the base of the petiole; anther with long extended crest wrapped around the style |
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– | No swelling at the base of the petiole; anther crest short, not long extended and not wrapped around the style |
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3 | Flowers with versatile anther |
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– | Flowers with adnate anther |
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4 | Inflorescence with few to many floral bracts, bracts mucilage |
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– | Inflorescence with one single large floral bract, bracts not mucilage |
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5 | Flowers opening from top to bottom of inflorescence |
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– | Flowers opening from bottom to top of inflorescence |
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6 | Flowers appearing quadrate with the two petaloid staminodes |
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– | Flowers no quadrate appearance, staminodes not petaloid |
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7 | Flowers with long narrow corolla lobes and long exserted stamens |
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– | Flowers without such features |
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8 | Floral bracts coriaceous and persistent, labellum with coloured streaks on both sides of the median band |
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– | Floral bracts thin, translucent and marcescent, labellum without coloured streaks on both sides of the median band |
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The authors wish to thank the