Research Article |
Corresponding author: Mihai Costea ( mcostea@wlu.ca ) Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
© 2016 Ignacio García-Ruiz, Dagoberto Valentín-Martínez, Pablo Carrillo-Reyes, Mihai Costea.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
García-Ruiz I, Valentín-Martínez D, Carrillo-Reyes P, Costea M (2016) Taxonomic and floristic novelties for Echeveria (Crassulaceae) in Central Michoacan, Mexico. PhytoKeys 75: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.75.9198
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A new species, Echeveria coruana, is described and illustrated from the malpaís near San Andrés Corú, Michoacan, Mexico. The species belongs to series Gibbiflorae and the new taxon was compared with E. purhepecha and E. patriotica, with whom it shares the closest morphological affinities. Additionally, E. yalmanantlaensis an endangered species from Sierra of Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, State of Colima, was also discovered near San Andrés Corú and is reported for the first time from the State of Michoacan. The conservation status of both species was (re)evaluated according to the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Conservation, Echeveria , malpaís, morphology, ser. Gibbiflorae, ser. Valvatae, taxonomy
Echeveria DC. comprises ca. 140 species of which the majority (95%) have evolved in Mexico where the genus is characterized by a high degree of endemism (
The village of San Andrés Corú is located at ca. 12 km NE of the National Park Barranca del Cupatitzio, on the eastern side of the city of Uruapan, in the State of Michoacan (19°27.982'N, 101°56.644'W). This area is a part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and has a particularly rich flora and vegetation consisting of a mixture of pine-oak and tropical deciduous forest elements (
In addition to herbarium specimens, flowers and leaves of E. coruana and E. yalmanantlanensis were fixed in
The new species, E. coruana belongs to ser. Gibbiflorae, which as summarized by
Comparative morphology of Echeveria coruana with E. patriotica (
Character | Echeveria coruana sp. nov. | E. patriotica | E. purhepecha |
---|---|---|---|
Caudex | Acaulescent or inconspicuous | Evident | Evident |
Length × diameter (cm) | 3–8 × 1–1.3 | 20 × 1–2.5 | 8–11× 1.2 |
Rosette | |||
Diameter (cm) | 10–15 | 10–35 | 8–10 |
Position of leaves in rosette | Spreading | Spreading | Ascendant |
Leaves | |||
Color | Light-green to dark green in the median part and apex | Green to reddish in the older leaves | Dark-green |
Shape | Linear-oblanceolate to spathulate; apex acuminate, short mucronate | Oblong-obovate to spathulate; apex rounded, short mucronate | Oblong obovate; apex rounded, mucronate |
Length (cm) | 8–16 | 6–18 | 2–6.5 |
Width (cm) | 2–2.5 | 3.5–11 | 1–2.5 |
Inflorescence | |||
Number of main axes | 1–4 | 1–7 | 2–3 |
Length (cm) | 28–65 | 20–100 | 15–30 |
Diameter at the base (cm) | 0.3–0.5 | 1 | 0.3-0.6 |
Number of flowers/ cincinus | 1–4(5) | 1–8 | 1–7 |
Bracts | |||
Shape | Oblong-lanceolate | Oblong-lanceolate | Oblong-obovate |
Length (cm) | 0.8–7.2 | 1.1–12 | 0.8–3 |
Width (cm) | 0.6–3 | 0.6–4 | 0.3–1.3 |
Pedicel | |||
Length (cm) | (1.3) 1.6–2.2 | 0.7–1 | 0.3–1.3 |
Corolla shape at anthesis | Cylindrical-urceolate | Cylindrical-urceolate | Cylindrical-urceolate to campanulate |
Length (mm) | 15–20 | 18–20 | 10–12 |
Width (mm) | 7–9 | 10–14 | ca. 8 |
Sepals (calyx) | Spreading to ± reflexed at anthesis | Spreading at anthesis | Addressed at anthesis |
Shape | Triangular-lanceolate | Triangular-lanceolate | Oblong-elliptic to lanceolate |
Length x width (mm) | 6–9 × 3–4 | 9–14 × 3-6 | 4–9 × 2.5–3.5 |
Petals | |||
Shape | Lanceolate | Lanceolate | Oblong-lanceolate |
Length × width (mm) | 15–21 × 4–6.5 | 18–20 × 5-7.5 | 10–11 × 4 |
(External) color | Whitish-yellow at the base, light-yellow to orange in the median part and orange-reddish at the tips | White to cream white at the base, orange-reddish in the median part and scarlet-red at the tips | Scarlet-red or coral from the base to the tip |
Appendages | (1)2 per antipetalous staminal filament; conical or dome-like, 0.2–0.3 mm long | Absent | Absent |
Nectaries | |||
Length × width (mm) | 1.8–2.2 × 0.8–1 | 3 × 1 | 1.2 × 0.5 |
Color | White-yellowish | Purple-red | Pale yellow |
Follicles | 5–6 mm long, erect to somewhat spreading | 12–18 mm long, erect | ca. 5 mm long, erect |
Flowering | Nov–Jan | Oct–Jan | Sep–Nov |
Geographical distribution | Michoacan, Mpio. Ziracuaretiro: Malpaís de San Andrés Corú | Jalisco, Mpio. Mazamitla | Michoacan, Mpio. Nuevo Parangaricutiro |
Vegetation type | Mixture of oak-pine and tropical deciduous forest | Oak and oak-pine forest | Oak-pine forest |
Echeveria coruana morphologically resembles most E. patriotica and E. purhepecha, with which it shares a similar flower morphology, but differs from both in having acaulescent or inconspicuous stems, acuminate leaves, and corolla appendages at the base of antipetalous stamen filaments. It differs from E. patriotica in having smaller leaf rosettes, 10–15 cm in diameter, smaller inflorescences, 28–65 cm long, longer pedicels, (1.3) 1.6–2.2 mm and a narrower corolla, 7–9 mm in diameter. It can be distinguished from E. purhepecha by the larger rosettes with spreading linear-oblanceolate to spathulate leaves, 8–16 cm long, and the larger corolla, 15–20 mm long, light-yellow to orange in the median part and orange-reddish at the tips of corolla lobes.
MÉXICO. Michoacán: Municipio de Ziracuaretiro, lado noroeste de San Andrés Corú; 19°28.116'N, 101°57.410'W; 1730 m; bosque de encino-pino alterado con huertas de aguacate; 27 Nov 2015; I. García & M. García 9138 (holotype:
Perennial herb, glabrous, acaulescent or with an inconspicuous caudex, 3–8 cm long and 1–1.3 cm in diameter; rosette lax, 10–15 cm in diameter with 15–18 leaves; leaves fleshy, light-green to dark green in the median part and apex, leaf blade linear oblanceolate to spathulate, 8–16 × 2–2.5 cm, 0.5–1 cm thick at the base, margin entire, occasionally with a thin, red-colored line, apex acuminate, short mucronate, base narrowed to form a pseudo-petiole, 2–3 cm long, corrugated ventrally; inflorescence paniculiform thyrse, 1–3 per rosette, 28–65 cm long and 0.3–0.5 cm wide at the base, with 1–4 secondary axes (cincinni), each with 1–4(5) flowers; bracts spiralled, adpressed, green to yellowish-red, oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 0.8–7.2 × 0.6–3 cm, 1.2–1.5 mm thick in the median part and 7–8.5 mm at the base, base auriculate, soon caducous; pedicels (1.3–) 1.6–2.2 mm long and 2–3 mm thick; calyx gamosepalous, star-shaped, the tube 1–1.5 mm long, lobes green, unequal, 6–9 × 3–4 mm, spreading to somewhat reflexed at anthesis, triangular-lanceolate; corolla pentagonal-conical in bud, cylindrical-urceolate at anthesis, petals 15–21 × 4–6.5 mm, fused for 1–1.5 mm at the base, lanceolate, carenate, tips mucronate, erect to slightly deflexed, color whitish-yellow at the base, light-yellow to orange in the median part and orange-reddish at the tips; nectaries reniform, 1.8–2.2 × 0.8–1 mm, white-yellowish; stamens 10, 5 antipetalous, 9–16 mm long (including the anthers), with a pair of conical or dome-like appendages at the base, 0.2–0.3 mm long; episepalous stamens 5, 10–16 mm long (including anthers); pollen polymorphic, most abundant type is 3-colpate, oblate to oblate-spheroidal in equatorial view and triangular or round in polar view, 30–34 × 17–20 mm, less common grains are 3-colpate, prolate, 34–38 × 18–20 mm or 4-colpate, rectangular or spherical, 28–31 × 17–20 mm; in all pollen grains tectum is imperforate, scabrate; pollen grains eventually agglutinate into large masses; ovary with 5 apocarpous carpels, 9–11 × 0.3–0.4 mm; styles (including the stigmas) 4–5 mm long, red-purplish; follicles 5–6 mm long, erect to somewhat spreading; seeds numerous, oblong to obovate, light to dark-brown, reticulate, 0.5–0.65 × 0.2–0.25 mm; reticulum size 15–30 mm.
Habitat and general morphology of Echeveria coruana. A Habitat B Leaf rosette of type specimen C Developing plant (in cultivation) D–F Inflorescence D General view E Developing cincinus F Terminal cincinni G–H Flowers of type specimen viewed in the field from different angles I–J Flowers from type specimen fixed in
Scanning electron microscopy of E. coruana, pollen and seed (García & García 9138). A–C Heteromorphic pollen grains; arrows indicate a few 3-colpate, prolate pollen grains B 4-colpate (left, upper) and 3-colpate pollen (right, down) grains C 3-colpate, prolate pollen grain D–E Seed morphology.
A detailed comparison of E. coruana with E. patriotica and E. purhepecha is presented in Table
The new species grows in the understory of mixed pine-oak and tropical deciduous forest on volcanic basaltic rocky outcrops or small ledges. However, it has also been observed growing epiphytically on Quercus sp. The tree layer is dominated by Quercus magnoliifolia Née, Ficus membranacea C. Wright, Juglans major (Torr.) Heller, Photinia microcarpa Standl., Bursera ariensis (H.B.K.) Mc. Vaugh & Rzed., and Clusia salvinii Donn.; the most common shrubs are Bursera bipinnata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Engl., Montanoa bipinnatifida (Kunth) C. Koch, Montanoa frutescens (Mairet) ex DC. and Rhus terebinthifolia Schltdl. & Cham. The herbaceous understory vegetation includes among others: Arenaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb, Bonplandia geminiflora Cav., Tripogandra amplexicaulis (Klotzsch ex C.B. Clarke) Woodson, Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius G.F. Freeman, and Dryopteris maxonii Underw. & C. Chr.
November to January.
The specific epithet derives from San Andrés Corú, the nearest village to the malpaís where the species was discovered. “Corú” in the local Purhépecha language means “a place where the quails sing”.
Echeveria coruana is currently known only from three populations located at ca. 1–2 km from one another in the malpaís of San Andrés Corú. Although it is relatively common in the studied sites, it is threatened because of the increasing demand and exploitation of volcanic rocks in the area. Furthermore, the recent establishment of avocado orchards at elevations of 1670–1750 m has led to significant habitat loss in the area, and this practice is likely to continue in the future. Although it was not possible to use GeoCAT (
México. Michoacán: Municipio de Ziracuaretiro, Malpaís de San Andrés Corú, bosque de encino-pino, 1676 m, 1 Dec 2012, D. Valentín 502 (
The exploration of the malpaís located at ca. 6 km SE of San Andrés Corú also led to an important floristic discovery: a new record of E. yalmanantlanensis (Fig.
Habitat and phenology of E. yalmanantlanensis. In Michoacan, E. yalmanantlanensis grows on volcanic rocks and occasionally as epiphyte in shady habitats that maintain sufficient humidity even during the dry season (Fig.
Conservation status of E. yalmanantlanensis.
Specimens examined. MEXICO. Colima: Municipio de Comala (originally cited as Jalisco-Colima because of the proximity to the border between the two states), camino a Campo Cuatro, Cerro Grande, on a rock of a limestone slope, 1550 m, 26 Sep 2011, J. Antonio Vázquez-García, M. Cházaro B. & J. Padilla-Lepe 9175 (holotype:
We would like to thank the managers/directors of the