Research Article |
Corresponding author: Peter Hovenkamp ( peter.hovenkamp@naturalis.nl ) Academic editor: Jefferson Prado
© 2016 Phyo Kay Khine, Stuart Lindsay, Christopher Fraser-Jenkins, Jürgen Kluge, Myint Kyaw, Peter Hovenkamp.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Khine PK, Lindsay S, Fraser-Jenkins C, Kluge J, Kyaw M, Hovenkamp P (2016) Selliguea kachinensis (Polypodiaceae), a new fern species of uncertain affinity from Northern Myanmar. PhytoKeys 62: 73-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.62.8101
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We describe Selliguea kachinensis as a new species from Northern Myanmar and discuss its generic placement in either Selliguea or Arthromeris. The conservation status is assessed as Data Deficient. In addition, we make the new combination Selliguea erythrocarpa (Mett. ex Kuhn) Hovenkamp, S. Linds., Fraser-Jenk.
New species, new combination, generic placement, conservation status, taxonomy, morphology, Arthromeris , Southeastern Himalaya
During exploration of the “northern forest complex” on the eastern slope of the Myanmar-India watershed (Kachin State, Myanmar), between November 2013 and October 2014, Khine et al. and Miehe et al. collected an epiphytic fern that could be assigned to the Polypodiaceae but not be to any known species, or even easily placed in an existing genus of Polypodiaceae. After comparing it with all known species of the morphologically closest genera Selliguea Bory and Arthromeris (T. Moore) J. Sm. we have come to the conclusion that it represents a new species, but we have decided not to erect a new genus to accommodate it. The new species is here described in the genus Selliguea.
Morphological characters were examined in the field and on herbarium specimens, and using Light (LM) and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). For LM, small parts of rhizome and lamina were boiled in water until they sank, and then either sectioned on a Reichert slide microtome or mounted whole without staining in glycerine jelly, and photographed using a Zeiss V20 or a Zeiss AxioImager M2 with an MRc5 digital camera and AxioVision software (Zeiss). For SEM spores were sputter-coated with 10 nm Platinum/Palladium (80/20) in a Quorum Q150TS sputter-coater, and observed with a Jeol JSM 7600F FEG-SEM. For the conservation assessment, Area of Occupancy (AOO) and Extent of Occurrence (EOO) were estimated using GeoCAT (
Myanmar, Kachin State, Hponyin Razi, Quercus-Magnolia-Araliaceae forest, epiphyte. 27.601421°N, 96.988873°E, 1715 m, G. Miehe, P.K. Khine [“Kine”], L. Shein, M. Kyaw, P. Ma, S. Lan Wan 13-094-159, 19 Nov. 2013 (holotype: L; isotype:
Rhizome long-creeping, branched, 3.2–4.5 mm diam. when dry (c. 6 mm diam. after soaking in boiling water), black and shiny when dry with a glaucous waxy layer, the younger parts densely covered with scales, irregularly rooting from the ventral side, in cross-section with scattered sclerification in the peripheral, epidermal and subepidermal region; phyllopodia c. 2 cm distant, c. 1–3 mm high. Scales deciduous, mostly absent from older parts of the rhizome, basifixed and slightly to strongly auriculate, or pseudopeltate, or sometimes fully peltate, c. 0.5 × 2.0–3.5(–4.0) mm, gradually narrowed from the base to a long narrow acumen, brown or blackish near the attachment, central region brown and thick, the margin and acumen thinner and lighter, margin irregularly dentate, more strongly so towards the base. Fronds pendent, simple, monomorphic, stipitate, all parts densely hairy with multicellular, uniseriate, soft hairs to 1.5(–1.7) mm long, the longest hairs inserted on midrib and veins; sparse, long narrow pale strongly toothed scales present among the hairs on the abaxial midrib (particularly towards the base of the lamina), stipe 0.8–5.0 cm long, c. 1 mm thick; lamina 18–58 × 3.3–7.2 cm, oblong – narrowly elliptic, the basal 1-6 cm often narrowed, base truncate to cordate, apex acuminate, texture thin-herbaceous, glaucous when fresh, translucent when dry, margin very narrowly hyaline, without notches. Venation anastomosing, primary veins straight or slightly curved, at 60–90 degrees to the midrib, secondary veins hardly distinct, delimiting c. 5–6 rows of rectangular areoles with anastomosing tertiary veins and free veins in all directions, ending in hydathodes. Sori in a single row between each pair of primary veins, usually one per areole, but sometimes absent from the first one or two areolae closest to the midrib and occasionally two in areolae closest to the margin, c. 2 mm in diameter when ripe. Sporangia long-stalked, capsules c. 0.2 mm long, bearing 2–6 uniseriate, c. 0.4–0.8 mm long hairs, annulus with 14–16 indurated cells. Spores 29–46 × 25–34 µm in lateral view, perispore with a 0.1–0.3 µm thick, finely colliculate basal layer, rather densely set with narrow, fragile spines, spines c. 2 µm long by 0.5 µm thick at the base, somewhat narrowed to a blunt apex, apparently easily breaking off at the base leaving a low round scar.
Myanmar, Kachin State. Hponyin Razi: G. Miehe, P.K. Khine [“Kine”], L. Shein, M. Kyaw, P. Ma, S. Lan Wan 13-096-034, 23 Nov. 2013, above 1300 m, road site (L); G. Miehe, P.K. Khine [“Kine”], L. Shein, M. Kyaw, P. Ma, S. Lan Wan 13-131-013, 11 Nov. 2013, 1600 m, road site (
Hponkan Razi: P.K. Khine [“Kine”], J. Kluge, A.S. Lanwan, D.R. Lanwan, P. Lanwan 14-031-020, 14 Oct. 2014, 27.548702 N, 97.032742 E, 1565 m, evergreen broadleaved (L). Above Ziadam: P.K. Khine [“Kine”], J. Kluge, A.S. Lanwan, D.R. Lanwan, P. Lanwan 14-047-022, 21 Oct. 2014, 27.585061°N, 97.104085°E, 1448 m, evergreen broadleaved (L,
The name derives from Kachin State, where the species is found.
Based on the specimens collected in the “northern forest complex”, Selliguea kachinensis grows on heavily moss-covered trees in primary evergreen broadleaved forest (dominated by Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Araliaceae, and Magnoliaceae) between 1300 m and 1715 m. It was found occasionally on trunks at 4 m from the ground (Figure
The climate station nearest to the collection sites is Putao (450 m a.s.l) in an intramontane basin 50 km to the southeast. It records approximately 4000 mm rainfall between May and October with a pronounced dry season from November to January. We expect that the annual rainfall at altitudes between 1400 and 1800 m a.s.l. exceeds 5000 mm plus an unknown amount of fog precipitation from clouds shrouding the mountains between April and November.
Selliguea kachinensis is currently known from five locations, all in the north of Kachin State, Myanmar. On the basis of these occurrences, the Extent of Occurrence is 4738 km2, while the known Area of Occupancy is 20 km2. However, as exploration of the area has been very fragmentary, we have little information on the actual occurrence of this species, which could well be more widely distributed along the rim of the Mali Kha / Irawaddy River basin. To date, forests where S. kachinensis is found are among the least disturbed submontane evergreen broadleaved forests of the Southeastern Himalaya. Drastically increased population could extend swidden farming and might lead to a reduction of the population, but we have no information on any concrete and current threats to the habitat of the species. Accordingly, we propose a status of Data Deficient (
Selliguea kachinensis does not fit easily into the genus Selliguea, which contains mostly species with a more coriaceous texture and a distinctly cartilaginous, often notched, margin (although a thin-herbaceous texture is notably present in S. pui Hovenkamp). An alternative position would be in the related genus Arthromeris. This would agree with the rather distinctive, glabrescent rhizome, which is similar to that of A. lehmanii (Mett.) Ching or A. tomentosa W.M.Chu, and with a number of other characters (Table
Comparison of morphological characteristics of S. kachinensis with Selliguea and Arthromeris.
Selliguea | S. kachinensis | Arthromeris | |
---|---|---|---|
Rhizome with scattered sclerification | Absent or central | Peripheral | Absent or central |
Rhizome with continuous sclerified band | Often | No | No |
Lamina shape | Simple to pinnate | Simple | Pinnate, pinnae articulate |
Lamina texture | Mostly coriaceous | Thin-herbaceous | Thin-herbaceous to herbaceous |
Lamina indument | Glabrous to short-hairy | Soft hairy | Glabrous to densely soft-hairy |
Lamina margin | Mostly cartilaginous, often notched | Not differentiated | Often distinctly flat-cartilaginous, not notched |
Sporangial indument | Rarely present, short stiff hairs | Soft long hairs | Absent |
Fieldwork and collecting was carried out in cooperation with the Forest Dept. of the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, Myanmar, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland supported by the German Research Council (DFG) and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Our heartfelt thanks go to Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw (Director General, Forest Dept.), Mr. Win Naing Thaw (Director, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division), Mr. Thein Lwin and Mr. Aung Maung (Park Warden, Hkakaborazi National Park. We thank Singapore Botanic Gardens for allowing SL access to their specimens and facilities. We thank Esmée Winkel for the fine illustration.