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Research Article
Liparis aphylla (Malaxideae, Orchidaceae), a new leafless record from Peru
expand article infoAlexander Damian, Paul Ormerod§
‡ Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
§ Unaffiliated, Queensland, Australia
Open Access

Abstract

Liparis aphylla G.A.Romero & Garay was previously known only from two herbarium specimens collected in 1945 and 1977 in Ecuador and Colombia, respectively. This little-known species is hereby reported for the first time for Peru. An updated description, line illustration, color photographs and distribution map of L. aphylla, as well as an identification key to the Peruvian species of Liparis are provided.

Resumen

Liparis aphylla G.A.Romero & Garay solo se conocía de dos especímenes de herbario colectados en 1945 y 1977 en Ecuador y Colombia, respectivamente. Esta especie poco conocida se registra por primera vez para Perú. Se presenta una descripción actualizada, ilustración de línea, fotografías a color y un mapa de distribución de L. aphylla, así como una clave de identificación para las especies peruanas de Liparis.

Keywords

Orchidaceae , Liparis aphylla , Cajamarca, Peru, Liparis section Aphylla

Palabras clave

Orchidaceae , Liparis aphylla , Cajamarca, Peru, Liparis section Aphylla

Introduction

Liparis Rich. s.l. is a large cosmopolitan genus of about 480 species, reported in tropical Asia, Malesia, eastern Australia, the Pacific Islands (including Hawaii and Tahiti), Madagascar, Africa, subtropical and tropical Americas, temperate Europe, Asia and North America. The genus is composed of both terrestrial and epiphytic species; with small to prominent pseudobulbs; one to several (rarely none) conduplicate to plicate leaves, a terminal inflorescence of one to many; flowers usually resupinate, small or medium-sized, yellow, green, orange, or purple; the sepals are similar, although the lateral ones are often wider and shorter than the dorsal one; the labellum is firmly attached to a footless, often arched column; the incumbent anther bears four pollinia grouped in two pairs, and lacking caudicles or stipe but with minute viscidium. According to a recent molecular phylogenetic study (Cameron 2005), Liparis contains four major clades, two of which include primarily Asiatic-Malesian epiphytic taxa with narrow conduplicate leaves, and the other two consist mostly of terrestrial plants with worldwide distribution and broader, conduplicate to plicate leaves. However, further studies are needed to better understand its evolutionary history and to clarify its delimitation and position within the tribe Malaxideae.

Schlechter (1921), compiled the first account of Liparis in Peru and reported three species, namely L. crispifolia Rchb.f, L. elegantula Kraenzl, and L. ramosa Poepp. & Endl. Later, Schweinfurth (1959) listed eight species, adding L. elata Lindl. [= L. nervosa (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Lindl.], L. laticuneata C. Schweinf., L. retusa Fawc. & Rendle, and L. vexillifera (Lex.) Cogn. Bracko & Zarucchi (1993) added two unvouchered records, namely L. luerii Dodson [= L. serpens Garay] and L. neuroglossa Rchb.f. to the list of Peruvian taxa (see Ormerod 2012). As far as we know, L. neuroglossa is only known from the Bolivian type collection. Taking into account the previous records and four additional Peruvian species described by Ormerod (2012), currently we recognize the following 11 species for this country: L. ecallosa Ormerod, L. elegantula, L. laticuneata, L. nervosa, L. ramosa, L. retusa, L. rusbyi Rolfe, L. schunkei Ormerod, L. serratiloba Ormerod, L. vargasii Ormerod, and L. vexillifera.

During field exploration conducted by the senior author in the montane rainforest of Cajamarca, Peru, in 2014, a small terrestrial individual plant of Liparis was collected and subsequently identified as Liparis aphylla. Because of the scarcity of information about this rare orchid, we provide an updated description and line illustration, we illustrate it with color photos for the first time and we provide additional information regarding its ecology and morphological variation.

Materials and methods

A live plant of Liparis aphylla was collected in May 2014 in Cajamarca, Peru (see detailed locality data under “Additional specimen examined” below). Specimen identification was made by comparing the plant with the original publication of the species in Garay and Romero (1999). A herbarium specimen was prepared, and two flowers were preserved in a solution consisting of 70% ethanol, 20% water, and 10% glycerol. An updated description was prepared based on all collections of L. aphylla available (either physical specimens or digital images).

Taxonomy

Liparis aphylla G.A.Romero & Garay

Figs 1, 2

Liparis aphylla G.A.Romero & Garay. Harvard Pap. Bot. 4(2): 483. 1999.

Type

COLOMBIA. Boyacá: Sierra del Cocuy, 2800 m, “terrestre, entre musgos asociada con Masdevallia sp., aparentemente saprófita; tépalos blanco-verdosos, labelo púrpura lila” 20 July 1997, M. Ospina Hernández 1487 (Holotype: AMES!).

Description

Herb, 4–10 cm tall, terrestrial. Rhizome and roots not seen. Pseudobulb subglobose, 2.5–5 × 2 mm, enveloped by a basal foliaceous green sheath 1.5 cm long. Leaves not seen. Inflorescence racemose, erect, successively (up to 6) flowered (usually two are open at a time), 7.8 cm. long; peduncle slender, 4 cm long; rachis weakly flexuous, distichous, 3.8 cm long; floral bracts lanceolate. acute, green, 5–7 × 3 mm. Flowers widely opening, resupinate, fragrance not detected, sepals and petals greenish, labellum rosy brown with a darker median stripe, column greenish suffused with rosy brown, pollinia yellow. Green, 4-6 long ovary with clavate, narrowly winged pedicel. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, erect, 1–veined, 3–5.5 × 0.9–1.5 mm. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-ovate, obtuse, midvein low carinate, parallell to each other under the labellum, 1-veined, 3–5 × 0.6–2 mm. Petals linear, obtuse, reflexed, 1–veined, 2.6–5 × 0.5–0.6 mm. Labellum subquadrate, distal margin serrate-denticulate, medially with a thickened glossy stripe, 3–5 × 3.5–5 mm; callus bilobed, each side with an erect, subquadrate lobe between which there is a distally thick-walled elliptical cavity. Column semiterete, thick basally but slender above, arcuate on its distal half, apex with small triangular wings on each side, 3 mm long; pollinia four in two pairs, waxy, triangular; anther cap ovoid. Capsule and seeds not seen.

Ecology and distribution

Liparis aphylla is found in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, within an elevation range of 2600–3300 m. The distribution of this species, based on herbarium records, appears to be highly disjunct (Figure 3). However, this extreme patchiness may be an artifact of limited collecting, and we suspect that L. aphylla likely occurs throughout the Andean range, at climatically suitable locations ranging from the Cordillera Oriental/East Andes in Colombia to the northern Andes of Peru. Plants of L. aphylla grow terrestrially among loose moss in wet, cold montane cloud forest with abundant bryophytes. Flowering period: May–July.

Figure 1. 

Liparis aphylla. A Habit B Flower C Dissected perianth D Detail of the labellum disk base E Column withouh the anter cap, ventral view F Column lateral view, and anther cap. Drawn from A. Damian 0100 (MOL!).

Figure 2. 

Liparis aphylla, A Habit B–C Two views of the of labellum. Arrows show the distinct elliptical concavity of the callus. Photographer: A. L. Damian.

Figure 3. 

Known distribution of Liparis aphylla.

Additional specimens examined

ECUADOR. Prov. Azuay: East Cordillera, 4–6 km N. of Sevilla de Oro, 2745–3050 m, 16 August 1945, W.H. Camp E-4774 (AMES!, NY); PERU. Departamento Cajamarca, provincia Chota, Querocoto, entrance road to “La Granja”, 6°20'6.70"S, 79°9'24.49"W; terrestrial, montane rainforest, 2600 m, 01 May 2014, A. Damian 0100 (MOL!, ADP-spirit 3033).

Conservation status

This species is presently know only from three location worldwide; according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2014) and Roque and Leon (2006) criteria, it should be listed as critically endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).

Discussion

Liparis aphylla was described from an individual plant collected in Sierra del Cocuy, Colombia, by Romero and Garay (1997) and from another record from Azuay, Ecuador, (1977). These two specimens, along with the Peruvian specimen reported in this paper, represent the only available material of this tiny rare orchid. The overall morphology observed in these three specimens, is quite uniform except for considerable variation in labellum shape, which ranges from quadrate in the specimen Camp E-4774 to subquadrate in Ospina Hernández 1487. Moreover, the elliptic concavity of the callus of our specimen did not appear to be present in other two specimens, although it is not clear if the absence of this concavity in the latter two specimens is an artifact of preservation.

Unlike any others members of Liparis, L. aphylla appears as a leafless orchid with poor-developed root system. However, these two conditions need to be studied carefully. Although we were unable to see any remnant roots or rhizome on the specimens examined, Ospina Hernandez sheet (1487) includes an interesting note cited as “Plant tubers covered by fungal hyphae (...)”. It is highly possible that “tubers” on this context actually refers to the pseudobulb and not to the presence of subterranean stems or shoots that resemble any kind of root-like system or rhizome as it occurs in many basal Epidendroids orchids (Pridgeon et al. 2005, Campbell 2014). A closest analysis of the original drawing of L. aphylla by Romero and Garay (1997) shows sort of filamentous structures emerging beneath the pseudobulb. Since the dimensions of these formations are indistinct (0.3 × 0.1 cm), is fairly accurate to attribute those filamentouse root-like structures to the “fungal hyphae” which Ospina was referring in the first place.

Another strikingly feature on L. aphylla is its leaflessness. As it happens with rhizome and roots, no remnants of withered or decomposed leaves were observed neither in the field nor in available herbarium specimens. As a result of this uncommon state within Liparis, Romero & Garay decided to establish Sect. Aphylla (Romero and Garay 1997) to include this single species, which outstands essentially for its leafless habit, well-developed pseudobulb, plants of small size and muscicolous habitat. However, additional observations whether this set of characters, especially those referring to leaves and roots, are continuous or not along specimens were missing.

Leaflessness is a feature that is present in many angiosperms (Vicent et al. 2013, Calswards et al. 2006) and Orchidaceae is not the exception. At least 235 orchid species and 43 genera are leafless, most of them found in Epidendroideae (Freudenstein and Barrett 2010). For instance, within tribe Malaxideae, two orchids have reported being leafless: Malaxis aphylla (King & Pantl.) T.Tang & F.T.Wang and Malaxis saprophyta (King & Pantl.) T.Tang & F.T.Wang (Vincent et al. 2013). Most of these leafless orchid display any of the following arrangements or life-forms: (1) well-developed shoot system which forms the main body (e.g. leafless Vanilla), (2) shoot system reduced, i.e. shootless orchids, roots forming the main body of the plant (e.g. Vandeae) (Carlsward et al. 2006), (3) roots fleshy, fasciculate, leaves basal but lacking at flowering time (e.g. Spiranthinae: Cranichideae) (Salazar 2003), and (4) myco-heterotrophic orchids, achlorophyllous, roots reduced or absent, rhizome fleshy, coralloid, tuberlike or cylindric (e.g. Aphyllorchis, Gastrodia) (Rasmussen 2000). A major question rise then among others, which life-form represents better to L. aphylla?. Although Romero and Garay (1997) suggested it could be referred to as a “saprophyte”, this term proved to be inaccurate (Leake 1994). We believed L. aphylla could represent a partially myco-heterotrophic (holo-mycotrophic) plant, i.e. clorophyllous plant that combines autotrophy and myco-heterotrophy to obtain carbon during at least one stage of its life cycle (Rasmussen 1995). The nonexistence of a well-developed root system, leaflessness (= myco-heterotrophic species) and retainment of chlorophyll on its basal sheath, stem and bracts seem to confirm this hypothesis. Nonetheless, it is important to keep in mind that the myco-heterotrophic status is “putative” on this species, and remains speculative until a careful physiological analysis has been carried out.

Identification key to Peruvian species of Liparis

1 Leaves absent L. aphylla
Leaves present at flowering 2
2 Plants not decumbent; pseudobulbs or pseudobulb-like basal thickening present 3
Plants decumbent, pseudobulbs absent 4
3 Leaf solitary, basal or near the base L. vexillifera
Leaves several, spreading, basal or near the base L. nervosa
4 Leaves appearing singly on rhizome 5
Leaves appearing in pairs on rhizome or subapproximate on erect stem 6
5 Labellum subquadrate, ca. 7.5 mm wide L. retusa
Labellum papilioforme, ca. 10.2 mm wide L. vargasii
6 Labellum reniform L. serratiloba
Labellum cuneate to pandurate or obovate 7
7 Labellum cuneate 8
Labellum elliptic, pandurate to obovate 9
8 Labellum disc with central thickened band L. laticuneata
Labellum disc with minute bilobed forcipate callus L. elegantula
9 Labellum lacking basal callus L. ecallosa
Labellum with basal callus 10
10 Labellum elliptic-pandurate or narrowly obovate, to 6mm wide; basal callus V-shaped (edges apically convergent) L. schunkei
Labellum suborbicular to broadly obovate, 9-12 mm wide; basal callus not V-shaped (edges parallel) L. rusbyi

Acknowledgments

We thank the herbarium and library staff at the Harvard University Herbaria (A, AMES, GH) for their help and hospitality; John Li Flores for his assistance with the distribution map; Brad Boyle, Camila Crifó and Nicole Mitidieri for his valuable observations; Gustavo Romero for assisting with literature, and to the reviewers for their valuable recommendations on the manuscript.

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