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Studies on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region of Chile: Part 3
expand article infoRobert R. Ireland‡, Gilda Bellolio§, Juan Larraín|, Roberto Rodríguez§
‡ Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America
§ Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Curauma, Chile

Corresponding author: Robert R. Ireland ( robroot1100@hotmail.com )

Academic editor: Matt von Konrat
© 2017 Robert R. Ireland, Gilda Bellolio, Juan Larraín, Roberto Rodríguez.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Ireland RR, Bellolio G, Larraín J, Rodríguez R (2017) Studies on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region of Chile: Part 3. PhytoKeys 77: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.77.10926
Open Access

Abstract

This is the final report on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region (Región VIII) in south-central Chile where collections were made in 2001–2003. Reported in this paper are one species new to South America, four species new to Chile and 16 species new to the Region. With these new additions the total number of taxa in the Bío-Bío Region is 343, corresponding to 331 species and 12 infraspecific taxa. A complete checklist of the mosses for all the provinces in the Region is presented.

Keywords

Bryophyta, floristics, Bío-Bío Region, checklist, South America

Introduction

This is the final paper on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region of Chile, reporting the identifications for the specimens collected by R.R. Ireland and Gilda Bellolio in 2001–2003. Two earlier papers by Ireland et al. (2006, 2010) reported many mosses new for the Region, as well as for all of Chile. In the present paper are reports for one species new for South America, four new for Chile and 16 new for the Bío-Bío Region. All collection numbers are those of the two authors and the identifications were made by R.R. Ireland and Juan Larraín, with the exception of some problematic specimens that were identified by various other bryologists.

The original checklist of the mosses by He (1998) reported 190 taxa for the Region which was later updated by Müller (2009a, b) who reported 315 taxa. This number was subsequently increased to 323 taxa by Ireland et al. (2010). The total number of taxa now known for the Bío-Bío Region is 343, which is the current number reported in the present paper.

Since the publication of the first paper of this series on the Bío-Bío moss flora (Ireland et al. 2006), the administrative division of Chile has slightly changed, modifying the map given in the latter reference. In October 2007, two new regions were created after the breakup of the former I and X Regions: Region XV (Arica y Parinacota) became the northernmost region after splitting of the former I Region, whereas Region XIV (Los Ríos) was created to separate the administration of Valdivian area from the rest of the former Los Lagos Region (X Region, see Fig. 1).

Figure 1. 

Left. Map of Chile showing in black the location of Bío-Bío Region (VIII) and the rest of Chilean Regions in Roman numerals (RM=Metropolitan Region). Right. Detail of Bío-Bío Region map showing the four provinces (A=Arauco, B=Bío-Bío, C=Concepción, N=Ñuble).

Methods

Phytogeographic information, climate and geomorphology for the four provinces (Arauco, Bío-Bío, Concepción, Ñuble) in the Region are all reported in the first paper of this project by Ireland et al. (2006). Voucher specimens of most of the collections are at CONC, MO and US, with many at NY. All numbers listed below correspond to specimens collected by Robert R. Ireland and G. Bellolio, unless otherwise indicated.

For the taxonomy we follow Müller (2009a), with the exception of the genus Bryum for which we followed the segregates outlined in Spence (2014). Segregates of Racomitrium are not recognized as suggested by Larraín et al. (2013). Synonyms are indicated for taxa treated under a different name in Müller (2009a) or on the Internet at www.tropicos.org.

For the biogeographical analysis, we grouped the taxa into seven groups: “Endemic” meaning taxa distributed in Chile, adjacent Argentina, sometimes extending into the Falkland Islands, South Georgia or the Juan Fernández Islands; “Wide Distribution” meaning taxa distributed in several continents or without a clear geographical pattern; “Southern Hemisphere” refers to widely distributed subantarctic species sometimes reaching tropical areas in the Andes or in South East Asia; “Bipolar” meaning taxa distributed in the temperate areas of both hemispheres; “Neotropical” meaning taxa widely distributed in Latin America and the Caribbean, including some species restricted to South America; “Gondwanic” referring to taxa distributed in southern South America and New Zealand and Australia; and “Neotropical + African” meaning taxa distributed both in the tropical and/or subtropical areas of both Latin America and Africa.

Results

Moss new to South America and Chile

Sematophyllum harpidioides (Renauld & Cardot) F.D.Bowers – Arauco Prov., Sta. Aurora farm (Mininco), 38°01'S, 73°16'W. alt. ca. 486 m, 33513 (Det. B.H. Allen 2014); road from Curanilahue to Trongol, 19 km SE of Curanilahue, 37°34'S, 73°12'W, alt. ca. 990 m, 33095, 33109; Mocha Island, trail in National Park, 38°20'S, 75°53'W, alt. ca. 15–350 m, 33124; Lincuyin, W of Lanalhue Lake, 37°57'S, 73°19'W, alt. ca. 250 m, 33464, 33465; Hwy. P-80-R, 13 km E of Antiquina, 38°03'S, 73°16'W, alt. 531 m, 33552; 4 km W of Mahuique, 38°10'S, 73°14'W, alt. ca. 590 m, 33596; road from Contulmo to Purén, 2 km S of Contulmo, 38°03'S, 73°13'W, alt. ca. 410 m, 33640, 33648.

Known only from Central America (Costa Rica and Honduras) according to B.H. Allen (MO) and specimens cited in Tropicos.

Mosses new to Chile

Bryum insolitum Cardot – Ñuble Prov., road to garbage dump, 6 km E of Quirihue, 36°17'S, 72°28'W, alt. ca. 570 m, 32347a (det. by J.R. Spence 2016).

Known only from Mexico and Bolivia (Ochi 1980).

Ptychostomum bimum (Schreber) J.R.Spence – Concepción Prov., waterfalls at toll booth near Sta. Juana, 1 km S of Curali, 37°15'S, 72°57'W, alt. ca. 135 m, 33934 (det. J.R. Spence 2014).

A widely distributed taxon (Spence 2014) that has been often lumped together with P. creberrimum or with P. pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. (Zolotov 2000). Not previously reported for Chile.

Ptychostomum creberrimum (Taylor) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – Bío-Bío Prov., Jaujau Farm (Mininco), 38°02'S, 71°57'W, alt. ca. 760 m, 35465 (det. J.R. Spence 2014).

A widely distributed taxon (Spence 2014) not previously reported for Chile.

Ptychostomum inclinatum (Sw. ex Brid.) J.R.Spence – Ñuble Prov., Termas de Chillán & environs, 36°55'S, 71°42'W, alt. ca. 1660 m, 30585, 30617 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

A widely distributed taxon (Spence 2014) not previously reported for Chile.

Mosses new to Bío-Bío Region of Chile

Barbula costesii Thér. – Ñuble Prov., road from Quirihue to Cobquecura, 36°13'S, 72°36'W, alt. ca. 360 m, 32300; road to Trapiche, 6 km NW of San Carlos, 36°21'S, 71°58'W, alt. ca. 290 m, 34772 (mixed with Didymodon fuscus (Müll.Hal.) J.A.Jiménez & Cano; both specimens det. by J.A. Jiménez 2010).

Reported from Regions V and XII (Müller 2009a).

Bryoerythrophyllum berthoanus (Thér.) J.A.Jiménez – Ñuble Prov., Río Diguillín, Los Mañios, ca. 10 km SE of Recinto, 36°53'S, 71°38'W, alt. ca. 500 m, 30759 (mixed with Didymodon fuscus (Müll.Hal.) J.A.Jiménez & Cano; det. by J.A. Jiménez 2010).

Reported from Regions V, RM & VII (Müller 2009a). This record represents a southern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

Bryoerythrophyllum campylocarpum (Müll.Hal.) H.A.Crum – Concepción Prov., Nonguén Valley, CORFO farm, 36°53'S, 72°59'W, alt. ca. 102 m, 31326 (det. by J.A. Jiménez 2010).

Reported for Region IX & Juan Fernández Is. (Müller 2009a). This record represents a northern extension of the continental Chile distribution of this taxon.

Bryum longidens Thér. – Arauco Prov., Lanalhue Lake, 6 km S of Hwy. P-70, 37°55'S, 73°20'W, alt. ca. 33 m, 33447; Hullinco Falls, 37°45'S, 73°22'W, alt. ca. 130 m, 33662. Bío-Bío Prov., road from Tumeco to Florida, 2 km N from Hwy. 0–50, 36°57'S, 72°40'W, alt. ca. 190 m, 32053. Concepción Prov., road from Santa Juana to La Laja, 19 km SE of Santa Juana, 37°16'S, 72°47'W, alt. ca. 135 m, 32879; Ñuble Prov., road to garbage dump, 12 km E of Quirihue, 36°17'S, 72°25'W, alt. ca. 350 m, 32352 (all det. by J.R. Spence 2014–2016).

Previously known only from the type from Valparaíso Region (V). The name appeared after its synonymization under B. pseudocapillare Besch. made by Ochi (1980). This record represents a southern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

Bryum pauperculum E.B.Bartram – Bío-Bío Prov., National Park Lake Laja, Los Barros Military Base, 37°27'S, 71°19'W, alt. ca. 1500 m, 34115. Ñuble Prov., Shangri-La, old German refuge, 36°52'S, 71°31'W, alt. ca. 1350 m, 34462 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Previously known only from the type from Tierra del Fuego (Region XII). The name appeared after its synonymization under B. pallens Sw. made by Ochi (1982). These records represent a northern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

Bryum puconense Herzog & Thér. – Arauco Prov., Mocha Island, 38°21'S, 73°56'W, alt. ca. 25 m, 33182. Bío-Bío Prov., Saltillo del Itata, small falls on Itata River, 37°04'S, 72°09'W, alt. ca. 210 m, 34940 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Regions IX (Ochi 1982), and XI (Larraín 2016).

Bryum zeballosicum Cardot & Broth. – Concepción Prov., road from Santa Juana to La Laja, 1 km E of Santa Juana, 37°10'S, 72°55'W, alt. ca. 50 m, 32852 (det. by J.R. Spence 2016).

Reported for Metropolitan Region (Müller 2009a). This record represents a southern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loeske – Arauco Prov., Road from Curanilahue to Trongol, 19 km SE of Curanilahue, 37°34'S, 73°12'W, alt. 990 m, 33096. Bío-Bío Prov., 37.7 km S of El Barco Lake, 38°02'S, 71°21'W, alt. ca. 950 m, 34249. Concepción Prov., Universidad de Concepción campus, behind Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas building, 36°49'S, 73°02'W, alt. ca. 30 m, Larraín 32760 (det. by J. Larraín 2010).

Reported for Regions IX, X and XIV (Müller 2009a). This record represents a northern extension of the distribution of this taxon in Chile.

Campylopus acuminatus Mitt. – Arauco Prov., Road from Curanilahue to Trongol, 19 km SE of Curanilahue, 37°34'S, 73°12'W, alt. 990 m, 33092.

Reported for Regions IX – XII & XIV (Müller 2009a).

Dendrocryphaea gorveana (Mont.) Paris & Schimp. – Concepción Prov., Reserva Nacional Nonguén, by trail next to Nonguén river, 36°53'S, 72°59'W, alt. ca. 300 m, Larraín 32750 (det. by J. Larraín 2016).

Reported for Regions VII, and XIV-XI (Müller 2009a).

Pohlia wilsonii (Mitt.) Ochyra – Concepción Prov., Patahual, 37°00'S, 72°59'W, alt. ca. 56.8 m, 30408; Lonco & Villuco, 36°52'S, 73°00'W, alt. ca. 15 m, 31025; Quebrada Honda, 36°41'S, 72°58'W, alt. ca. 104 m, 31689 (det. J. Larraín 2008); road to Las Pataguas, 3 km N from Hwy. 148, 36°49'S, 72°53'W, alt. ca. 222 m, 31761, 31764; road from Hualqui to Quilacoya, 5 km S of Hualqui, 37°01'S, 72°58'W, alt. ca. 107 m, 32081; road from Dichato to Burca, 3 km N of Dichato, 36°31'S, 72°54'W, alt. ca. 89 m, 32219. Ñuble Prov., road from La Achira to Trehuaco, 36°15'S, 72°45'W, alt. ca. 410 m, 32519; Colmuvao, 36°18'S, 72°49'W, alt. 19 m, 32778.

Reported for Regions II‒VI, RM, & XII (Müller 2009a).

Rosulabryum campylothecium (Taylor) J.R.Spence – Concepción Prov., Caleta Chome, Punta Hualpén, 36°46'S, 73°12'W, alt. ca. 36 m, 31983. Ñuble Prov., Cayumanque hill, 36°42'S, 72°31'W, alt. ca. 483 to 792 m, 31550 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Regions IV, V & IX (as Bryum campylothecium Taylor by Müller 2009a).

Rosulabryum torquescens (Bruch & Schimp.) J.R.Spence – Concepción Prov., Park “Jorge Alessandri” (Compañia Manufacturera de Papeles y Cartones), 36°56'S, 73°09'W, alt. ca. 200-490 m, 32819 (det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Regions VII & X (as Bryum torquescens Bruch ex DeNot by Müller 2009a).

Rosulabryum viridescens (Welw. & Duby) Ochyra – Ñuble Prov., Las Trancas, 36°54'S, 71°30'W, alt. ca. 1300 m, 35912 (det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Region IV & South Chile (as Bryum viridescens Welw. & Duby by Müller 2009a).

Syntrichia costesii (Thér.) R.H.Zander – Ñuble Prov., Los Cipreses Farm, 36°56'S, 71°33'W, alt. ca. 1010 m, 35838, 35842; Las Trancas, 36°54'S, 71°30'W, alt. ca. 1300 m, 35893.

Reported from Regions V, VII, IX – XII (Müller 2009a, Larraín 2016).

Syntrichia socialis (Dusén) R.H.Zander – Bío-Bío Prov., Las Perlas Lake, 15 km NW of Cabrero, 36°57'S, 72°26'W, alt. ca. 300 m, 35954 (det. by R.H. Zander – reported in Tropicos).

Reported from Regions X & XII (Müller 2009a). This record represents a northern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

Checklist of the mosses of the Bío-Bío Region of Chile

+++ New to South America; ++ New to Chile; + New to Bío-Bío Region (Región VIII); * Excluded from Chile; ** Excluded from Bío-Bío Region. (Provinces of the Bío-Bío Region represented by the following letters: A=Arauco; B=Bío-Bío; C=Concepción; N=Ñuble). All new provincial records since Ireland et al. (2010) paper, list the province in bold print indicating the corresponding voucher(s) in parenthesis.

Acaulon uleanum Müll.Hal. – C

Achrophyllum anomalum (Schwägr.) H.Rob. – B

Achrophyllum magellanicum (Besch.) Matteri – A, B, C, N

var. oligodontum (Matteri) Matteri – B, C

Acrocladium auriculatum (Mont.) Mitt. – A, B, N

Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Schimp. – C, N

Amphidium tortuosum (Hornsch.) Cufod. – A, B, C, N

Ancistrodes genuflexa (Müll.Hal.) Crosby – A, B, C, N

Andreaea acutifolia Hook.f. & Wilson – B

Andreaea alpina Hedw. – N

Andreaea rupestris Hedw. – A, B, N

Andreaea subulata Harv. – B, N

Anomobryum julaceum (Schrad. ex G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Schimp. – A, B, C, N

Aongstroemia gayana (Mont.) Müll.Hal. – B, C, N

Arbusculohypopterygium arbuscula (Brid.) M.Stech, T.Pfeiff. & W.Frey – A, B

Atractylocarpus patagonicus Herzog & Thér. – B (35459), C

Barbula convoluta Hedw. – C

+Barbula costesii Thér. – N (32300, 34772)

Bartramia bellolioella B.H.Allen & Ireland – A, N

Bartramia ithyphylla subsp. patens (Brid.) Fransén – N

Bartramia ithyphylloides Schimp. ex Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Bartramia mossmaniana Müll.Hal. – A, B, N

*Bartramia potosica Mont. – N (misidentified specimens that are all B. ithyphylla subsp. patens –see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 43).

Bartramia stricta Brid. – A, B, C, N

Blindia magellanica Schimp. – A, B, C, N

Brachymenium acuminatum Harv. – A, B, C, N

Brachymenium exile (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac. – C

Brachymenium gilliesii (Hook.) A.Jaeger – B, N (Syn. Bryum gilliesii Hook.)

Brachymenium meyenianum (Hampe) A.Jaeger – N

Brachymenium robertii Broth. – C

Brachytheciastrum microcollinum (E.B.Bartram) Ignatov & Huttunen – N

Brachytheciastrum paradoxum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Ignatov & Huttunen – A, B, N

Brachythecium albicans (Hedw.) Schimp. – N

Brachythecium conostomum (Taylor) A.Jaeger – A, B, N

Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. – A, B, N

Brachythecium subpilosum (Hook.f. & Wilson) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

Brachythecium subplicatum (Hampe) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

Breutelia dumosa Mitt. – B, C

Breutelia integrifolia (Taylor) A.Jaeger – B, N

Breutelia subplicata Broth. – A, B, C, N

Breutelia tomentosa (Sw. ex Brid.) A.Jaeger – C

+Bryoerthrophyllum berthoanus (Thér.) J.A.Jiménez – N (30759) Mixed with Didymodon fuscus and filed in herbarium collections under this species.

+Bryoerthrophyllum campylocarpum (Müll.Hal.) H.A.Crum – C (31326)

Bryum argenteum Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Bryum densifolium Brid. – N

Bryum elegantulum Lorentz – C

++Bryum insolitum Cardot – N (32347a)

+Bryum longidens Thér. – A (33447, 33662), B (32053, 34815, 35759), C (32879), N (32352)

Bryum mucronatum Mitt. – N

Bryum nivale Müll.Hal. – B

Bryum orbiculatifolium Cardot & Broth. – B

+Bryum pauperculum E.B.Bartram – B (34115), N (34462)

Bryum platyphyllum (Schwägr.) Müll.Hal. – A (33251), B

+Bryum puconense Herzog & Thér. – A (33182), B (34940)

Bryum revolutum Müll.Hal. – C

Bryum subgracillimum Thér. – C

+Bryum zeballosicum Cardot & Broth. – C (32852)

+Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loeske – A (33096), B (34249), C (32760 Coll. Larraín)

Calyptopogon mnioides (Schwägr.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

Camptodontium cryptodon (Mont.) Reimers – A, B, N

Campylopodium medium (Duby) Giese & J.-P.Frahm – A

+Campylopus acuminatus Mitt. – A (33092)

Campylopus aureonitens subsp. recurvifolius (Dusén) J.-P.Frahm – B, C

Campylopus clavatus (R.Br.) Wilson – A, C

Campylopus fragilis (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. – A

Campylopus incrassatus Müll.Hal. – A, B. C, N

Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. – A, B, C, N

Campylopus laxoventralis Herzog ex J.-P.Frahm – C

Campylopus modestus Cardot – C, N

Campylopus pilifer Brid. – A, B, C, N (30573, 30753, 30832, 32334, 32581, 34445, 34684, 35828, 36117, 36143)

Campylopus purpureocaulis Dusén – C

Campylopus pyriformis (Schultz) Brid. – A (32954, 33204, 36255), C, N (32387)

Campylopus vesticaulis Mitt. – A, C, N

Campylostelium saxicola (F.Weber & D.Mohr) Bruch & Schimp. – A, C, N

Catagoniopsis berteroana (Mont.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

Catagonium nitens (Brid.) Cardot – A, B, C, N

var. myurum (Cardot & Thér.) S.H.Lin – N

Catagonium nitidum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. – N

Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. – A, B, C, N

subsp. convolutus (Reichardt) Burley – A, B, C, N

subsp. stenocarpus (Bruch & Schimp.) Dixon – A, B, C, N

Chileobryon callicostelloides (Broth. ex Thér.) Enroth – A, B, C, N

Chorisodontium aciphyllum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. – N

Chrysoblastella chilensis (Mont.) Reimers – A, B, C, N

Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce – B, N, A

Cratoneuropsis relaxa subsp. minor (Wilson & Hook.f.) Ochyra – A, B, C, N

Cryphaea consimilis Mont. – A, B, C, N

Cryphaeophilum molle (Dusén) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

Cryptopapillaria penicillata (Dozy & Molk.) M.Menzel – A, C

*Daltonia gracilis Mitt. – A, B, N (considered a synonym of D. marginata Griff. by P. Majestyk 2011).

Daltonia marginata Griff. – A (33520) (det. Majestyk (2011) from MO specimen cited in publication).

**Daltonia ovalis Taylor – A, B (reported by He (1998) as D. trachydonta Mitt. but unable to confirm specimens which were not cited).

Daltonia splachnoides (Sm.) Hook. & Taylor – A (33611) (det. Majestyk (2011) from MO specimen cited in publication).

*Daltonia trachyodonta Mitt. – A, B (considered a synonym of D. ovalis Taylor by Majestyk 2011).

Dendrocryphaea cuspidata (Sull.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

+Dendrocryphaea gorveana (Mont.) Paris & Schimp. – C (32750 Coll. Larraín)

Dendrocryphaea lechleri (M.Fleisch.) Paris & Schimp. ex Thér. – A, C

Dendroligotrichum dendroides (Brid. ex Hedw.) Broth. – A, B

Dicranella campylophylla (Taylor) A.Jaeger – A, B, N

*Dicranella harrisii (Müll.Hal.) Broth. – C (excluded from Chile—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 44).

Dicranella hookeri (Müll.Hal.) Cardot – A (33219), B, C, N (31068a, 36218)

Dicranella vaginata (Hook.) Cardot – A, B (Syn. Anisothecium vaginatum (Hook.) Mitt.).

Dicranoloma billardierei (Brid.) Paris – A, C

Dicranoloma chilense (De Not.) Ochyra & Matteri – A, B

Dicranoloma dusenii (Broth.) Broth. – A

Dicranoloma perremotifolium (Dusén) Broth. – A, B

var. fragile (Dusén) Thér. – A

Didymodon australasiae (Hook. & Grev.) R.H.Zander – A (33179, C, N (32536, 34720)

Didymodon deciduus R.H.Zander – B

Didymodon fuscus (Müll.Hal.) J.A.Jiménez & Cano – A (33156, 33159, 33673), B, C, N

Didymodon rigidulus Hedw. – A, B, N

Didymodon vinealis (Brid.) R.H.Zander – B, C

Diphyscium pilmaiquen (Crosby) Magombo – A

Distichophyllum krausei (Lorentz) Mitt. – N

Ditrichum conicum (Mont.) Mitt. – A (33114), B, N (31556)

Ditrichum cylindricarpum (Müll.Hal.) F.Muell. – A, B, N

Ditrichum difficile (Duby) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

Ditrichum hallei Cardot & Broth. – N

Ditrichum hookeri (Müll.Hal.) Hampe – A, B, N

Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst. – B

Drepanocladus polygamus (Schimp.) Hedenäs – C, N (Syn. Campylium polygamum (Schimp.) C.E.O.Jensen).

Drummondia obtusifolia Müll.Hal. – B, N

Dryptodon austrofunalis (Müll.Hal.) Ochyra & Żarnowiec – A, B, C, N (Syn. Grimmia austrofunalis Müll.Hal.).

Dryptodon navicularis (Herzog) Ochyra & Żarnowiec – B (Syn. Grimmia navicularis Herzog).

Dryptodon trichophyllus (Grev.) Brid. – A, B, C, N (Syn. Grimmia trichophylla Grev.).

Encalypta ciliata Hedw. – B

Entosthodon apophysatus (Taylor) Mitt. – B, C

Entosthodon laevis (Mitt.) Fife – C

Entosthodon obtusifolius Hook.f. – A, C, N (32721, 34919)

Eriodon conostomus Mont. – A, B

Eucamptodon perichaetialis (Mont.) Mont. – A, B, C, N

Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. – N

Eurhynchiella acanthophylla (Mont.) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

Eurhynchium corralense (Lorentz) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

Eurhynchium fuegianum Cardot – N

Eustichia longirostris (Brid.) Brid. – A, B, C, N

Fabronia ciliaris (Brid.) Brid. – B, C, N

var. wrightii (Sull.) W.R.Buck – B

Fabronia jamesonii Taylor – A, B, C, N

Fissidens asplenioides Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Fissidens bryoides var. pusillus (Wilson) Pursell – A, B (34818, 34857, 34944), C, N (30614, 30647)

var. viridulus (Sw.) Broth. – A, B (34814, 34884, 34954, 34983, 35053, 35072, 35229, 35522, 35697, 35704, 35742, 35769) C, N (34600, 35798, 35799, 35969)

Fissidens crispus Mont. – A, B, C, N (32301)

Fissidens curvatus Hornsch. – A, B, C, N

Fissidens maschalanthus Mont. – A

Fissidens oblongifolius Hook.f. & Wilson – A, B, C, N

Fissidens rigidulus Hook.f. & Wilson – A, B, C, N

Fissidens scalaris Mitt. – B, C

Fissidens serratus Müll.Hal. – C

var. leptochaete (Dusén) Brugg.-Nann. & Pursell – B, C

Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. – C

Funaria chilensis (Thér.) Thér. – C, N

*Funaria commixta Thér. – C (identification of this species by Ireland & Bellolio 31631 was reidentified as F. costesii Thér. according to Cuvertino et. al. 2012).

Funaria costesii Thér. – C

Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Gemmabryum dichotomum (Hedw.) J.R.Spence & H.R.Ramsay – C (Syn. Bryum dichotomum Hedw.).

Gemmabryum valparaisense (Thér.) J.R.Spence – C (Syn. Bryum valparaisense Thér.).

Glyphothecium gracile (Hampe) Broth. – A, B, C, N

Grimmia laevigata (Brid.) Brid. – B, N

Grimmia reflexidens Müll.Hal. – B, N

*Gymnostomum aeruginosum Sm. – B, C, N (excluded from South America by Cano & Jiménez 2013).

Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch. – A (33193), B, C, N

*Gymnostomum tenerrimum (Müll.Hal.) Wijk & Margad. – C, N (considered a synonym of G. calcareum by Cano and Jiménez 2013).

Haplohymenium longinerve (Broth.) Broth. – B

Hebantia rigida (Lorentz) G.L.Merr. – A, C, N

Hedwigidium integrifolium (P.Beauv.) Dixon – B, N

Hennediella arenae (Besch.) R.H.Zander – A (31261, 33555, 33651, 33670), C, N (Syn. Tortula polycarpa Dusén).

Hennediella kunzeana (Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

Holodontium strictum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Ochyra – N

Hymenodontopsis mnioides (Hook.) N.E.Bell, A.E.Newton & D.Quandt – A, B, C, N (Syn. Pyrrhobryum mnioides (Hook.) Manuel).

Hypnodendron microstictum Mitt. ex A.Jaeger & Sauerb. – A, B, C, N

Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. – A, B, C, N

var. filiforme Brid. – A, B, N

Hypopterygium didictyon Müll.Hal. – B, C

Imbribryum clavatum (Schimp.) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – B (35236), C, N (34743) (Syn. Bryum clavatum (Schimp.) Müll.Hal.).

Imbribryum laevigatum (Hook.f. & Wilson) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – A, B (Syn. Bryum laevigatum Hook.f. & Wilson).

Isopterygiopsis pulchella (Hedw.) Z.Iwats. – B

Juratzkaea seminervis (Kunze ex Schwägr.) Lorentz – A, B, C, N

Kindbergia praelonga (Hedw.) Ochyra – A, B, C

Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wilson – N

Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. – B, N

Leptodon smithii (Hedw.) F.Weber & D.Mohr – A, B, C, N

Leptodontium proliferum Herzog – A

Leptostomum menziesii R.Br. – A, B, N

Leptostomum splachnoideum Hook. & Arn. – A, C, N

Leptotheca gaudichaudii Schwägr. – A, B, C, N

Lepyrodon hexastichus (Mont.) Wijk & Margad. – A, B, C, N

Lepyrodon lagurus (Hook.) Mitt. – A, B, N

Lepyrodon parvulus Mitt. – A, B, C, N

Lepyrodon patagonicus (Cardot & Broth.) B.H.Allen – A, B, C

Lepyrodon tomentosus (Hook.) Mitt. – A, N

Looseria orbiculata (Thér.) D.Quandt, Huttunen, Tangney & M.Stech – A, B, C, N (Syn. Lembophyllum orbiculatum (Thér.) Tangney).

Lopidium concinnum (Hook.) Wilson – A, B

Macrocoma sullivantii (Müll.Hal.) Grout – A, B, C, N

Macromitrium crassiusculum Lorentz – A, B, C, N (34703)

Macromitrium krausei Lorentz – N

Macromitrium microcarpum Müll.Hal. – A, C, N

Microcampylopus leucogaster (Müll.Hal.) B.H.Allen – A, C, N

Neckera chilensis Schimp. ex Mont. – A, B, C, N

Neckera scabridens Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Notoligotrichum minimum (Cardot) G.L.Sm. – B

Oedipodium griffithianum (Dicks.) Schwägr. – B

Oligotrichum canaliculatum (Hook. & Arn.) Mitt. – A, B, C, N

Orthodontium gracile (Wilson) Schwägr. ex B.S.G. – B, C, N

*Orthodontium pellucens (Hook.) B.S.G. – A, B, C, N (reported by Ireland et al. 2006 from all 4 provinces but all collections are Eucamptodon perichaetialis, which were misidentified).

*Orthotrichum aequaetoreum Mitt. – N (reported by Ireland et al. 2006, but misidentified specimen 30686 is O. freyanum and misreported specimen 30687 is O. latimarginatum).

Orthotrichum anaglyptodon Cardot & Broth. – B, N

Orthotrichum araucarieti Müll.Hal. – B, N

Orthotrichum assimile Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Orthotrichum brotheri Dusén ex Lewinsky – A, B, C, N

Orthotrichum densum Lewinsky – N

Orthotrichum elegantulum Schimp. ex Mitt. – B, C (32891), N

Orthotrichum freyanum Goffinet, W.R.Buck & M.A.Wall – B, N (30686)

Orthotrichum hortense Bosw. – B

Orthotrichum incanum Müll.Hal. – B, C, N

Orthotrichum latimarginatum Lewinsky – N

Orthotrichum laxifolium Wilson – N

Orthotrichum ludificans Lewinsky – B

Orthotrichum cf. pariatum Mitt. – B, N

Orthotrichum perexiguum Dusén ex Lewinsky – B

Orthotrichum rupestre Schleich. ex Schwägr. – B, N

Orthotrichum tristriatum Lewinsky – A, B, C, N

Orthotrichum truncatum Lewinsky & Deguchi – A, B, C

Papillaria flexicaulis (Wilson) A.Jaeger – B, C (Syn. Meteorium flexicaule Wilson).

Philonotis elongata (Dism.) H.A.Crum & Steere – C

Philonotis esquelensis Matteri – C (reported by Jimenez et al. 2014)

Philonotis krausei (Müll.Hal.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

Philonotis nigroflava Müll.Hal. – A, B, N

Philonotis scabrifolia (Hook.f. & Wilson) Braithw. – A, B, C, N

Philonotis vagans (Hook. & Wilson) Mitt. – A, B, N

Physcomitrium badium Broth. – C

Physcomitrium lorentzii Müll.Hal. – A

Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. – N

Plagiothecium orthocarpum Mitt. – C

Plagiothecium ovalifolium Cardot – B

Platyneuron praealtum (Mitt.) Ochyra & Bedn.-Ochyra – A, B, N

*Pleuridium andinum Herzog – C, N (excluded from Chile—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 44, both collections, 31527 & 31965, are P. subnervosum).

Pleuridium robinsonii (Mont.) Mitt. – A, B, C, N

Pleuridium subnervosum (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger ex Paris – C, N (Syn. Pleuridium macrothecium Dusén).

Pogonatum perichaetiale subsp. oligodus (Kunze ex Müll.Hal.) Hyvönen – B, C, N (Syn. P. oligodus (Kunze ex Müll.Hal.) Mitt.).

Pohlia chilensis (Mont.) A.J.Shaw – A, B, C, N

Pohlia cruda (Hedw.) Lindb. – A, B, C, N

Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb. – A, N

Pohlia wahlenbergii (F.Weber & D.Mohr) A.L.Andrews – A, B, C, N

+Pohlia wilsonii (Mitt.) Ochyra – C (30408, 31025, 31689, 31761, 32081, 32219), N (32519, 32778)

Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G.L.Sm. – N

Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Polytrichum piliferum Scherb. ex Hedw. – A, B, N

Polytrichum strictum Menzies ex Brid. – N

Porothamnium arbusculans (Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

Porothamnium leucocaulon (Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – N

Porothamnium panduraefolium (Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – A, C, N

Porothamnium valdiviae (Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – B, C (31959), N

Porotrichum chilense Thér. – B, N

Porotrichum korthalsianum (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt. – A, B, C

Porotrichum lancifrons (Hampe) Mitt. – A, B, C, N

Pseudocrossidium crinitum (Schultz) R.H.Zander – B, C, N

Pseudocrossidium santiagensis (Broth.) M.J.Cano – C

Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans (Brid.) Z.Iwats. – A

Ptychomitrium deltorii (Thér.) Broth. – C

Ptychomitrium sellowianum (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger – A, C, N

Ptychomnion cygnisetum (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. – A

++Ptychostomum bimum (Schreber) J.R.Spence – C (33934)

++Ptychostomum creberrimum (Taylor) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – B (35465)

++Ptychostomum inclinatum (Sw. ex Brid.) J.R.Spence – N (30585, 30617)

Ptychostomum orthothecium (Cardot & Broth.) Holyoak & N.Pederson – C (Syn. Bryum orthothecium Cardot & Broth.).

Ptychostomum turbinatum (Hedw.) J.R.Spence – N (Syn. Bryum turbinatum (Hedw.) Turner).

*Racomitrium crispipilum (Taylor) A.Jaeger – A, B, N (excluded from Chile flora—see Larraín 2012).

*Racomitrium crispulum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Wilson – N (excluded from Chile flora—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 43).

Racomitrium didymum (Mont.) Lorentz – A, B, N (Syn. Bucklandiella didyma (Mont.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

Racomitrium geronticum Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N (Syn. R. lanuginosum subsp. geronticum (Müll.Hal.) Vitt & C.Marsh; Syn. R. patagonicum Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

*Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. – B (excluded from Chile flora—see Larraín 2012).

Racomitrium lamprocarpum (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger – A, B, N (Syn. Bucklandiella lamprocarpa (Müll.Hal.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

Racomitrium orthotrichaceum (Müll.Hal.) Paris – N (Syn. Bucklandiella orthotrichacea (Müll.Hal.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

Racomitrium rupestre (Hook.f. & Wilson) Hook.f. & Wilson – B, N (Syn. Bucklandiella rupestris (Hook.f. & Wilson) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

Racomitrium subcrispipilum Müll.Hal. – B, N (Syn. Racomitrium striatipilum Cardot).

Racopilum cuspidigerum (Schwägr.) Ångström – A, C

Renauldia chilensis Thér. – C

Rhabdoweisia crispata (Dicks.) Lindb. – C

Rhabdoweisia fugax (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. – A, C

Rhaphidorrhynchium amoenum (Hedw.) M.Fleisch. – A, C

Rhaphidorrhynchium leptophyllum (Mitt.) Broth. – C

Rhaphidorrhynchium callidum (Mont.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

Rhaphidorrhynchium scorpiurus (Mont.) Broth. – A (Syn. Sematophyllum scorpiurus (Mont.) Mitt.).

Rhynchostegium complanum (Mitt.) A.Jaeger – C

Rigodium adpressum Zomlefer – A, B, C, N

Rigodium brachypodium (Müll.Hal.) Paris – A, B, C, N

Rigodium implexum Kunze ex Schwägr. – A, C, N

Rigodium pseudothuidium Dusén – C, N

Rigodium tamarix Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Rigodium toxarion (Schwägr.) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

Rosulabryum billardieri (Schwägr.) J.R.Spence – A, B, C, N (Syn. Bryum billardieri Schwägr.).

+Rosulabryum campylothecium (Taylor) J.R.Spence – C (31983), N (31550) (Syn. Bryum campylothecium Taylor).

Rosulabryum capillare (Hedw.) J.R.Spence – B (34950), C (Syn. Bryum capillare Hedw.).

+Rosulabryum torquescens (Bruch & Schimp.) J.R.Spence – C (32819) (Syn. Bryum torquescens Bruch & Schimp.).

+Rosulabryum viridescens (Welw. & Duby) Ochyra – N (35912) (Syn. Bryum viridescens Welw. & Duby)

Sanionia symmetrica (Renauld & Cardot) Wheldon – N

Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske – B, N

Schimperobryum splendidissimum (Mont.) Margad. – A, B, C, N

var. perdentatum Matteri – C

Schistidium apocarpum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. – B, C, N

Schistidium rivulare (Brid.) Podp. – B, C, N

Schistidium falcatum (Hook.f. & Wilson) B.Bremer – B, N

Schistidium scabripes (E.B.Bartram) Deguchi – N

Schizymenium multiflorum (E.B.Bartram) A.J.Shaw – N

Sciuro-hypnum plumosum (Hedw.) Ignatov & Huttunen – N

Scouleria patagonica (Mitt.) A.Jaeger – B, N

+++Sematophyllum harpidioides (Renauld & Cardot) F.D.Bowers – A (33095, 33109, 33464, 33465, 33513, 33552, 33596, 33640, 33648)

Sphagnum fimbriatum Wilson – A, N (as S. flexuosum Dozy & Molk.—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 43).

*Sphagnum flexuosum Dozy & Molk. – N (excluded from Chile— see S. fimbriatum above).

Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. – A

Sphagnum recurvum var. brevifolium (Lindb.) Warnst. – A (reported by Ireland et al. (2006). Dick Andrus observed specimens at CONC (33090, 33091, 33093) and concluded they belong to an undescribed taxon in section Cuspidata).

Sphagnum cf. subsecundum Nees – A

Splachnobryum obtusum (Brid.) Müll.Hal. – C

Symblepharis krausei (Lorentz) Ochyra & Matteri – A, B, N (Syn. S. luteovirens (E.B.Bartram) Ochyra & Matteri; Syn. Oncophorus luteovirens E.B.Bartram).

Syntrichia breviseta (Mont.) M.J.Cano & M.T.Gallego – A (31213, 33022, 33029, 33402, 33450, 33574, 33689), B, C (30896, 32880, 34010, 34035), N (32625, 32637, 32658, 32693)

+Syntrichia costesii (Thér.) R.H.Zander – N (35838, 35842, 35893)

Syntrichia epilosa (Broth. ex Dusén) R.H.Zander – A, B (34842), C, N

Syntrichia fragilis (Taylor) Ochyra – A (33661, 33676), B, C, N

Syntrichia glacialis (Kunze ex Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

Syntrichia laevipila Brid. – A, B (32048, 35020, 35204), C, N

Syntrichia papillosa (Wilson) Jur. – A, C

Syntrichia princeps (De Not.) Mitt. – B

Syntrichia pseudorobusta (Dusén) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

Syntrichia robusta (Hook. & Grev.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

var. recurva (Lightowlers) R.H.Zander – C, N

Syntrichia ruralis (Hedw.) F.Weber & D.Mohr – A, B, N

Syntrichia scabrella (Dusén) R.H.Zander – A (33181, 33784), B (34293, 35202), C, N

Syntrichia scabrinervis (Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C (32092, 32112, 32182), N (32437, 32552, 32689, 34639, 35774)

Syntrichia serrulata (Hook. & Grev.) M.J.Cano – A, B, C, N

+Syntrichia socialis (Dusén) R.H.Zander – B (35954)

Syntrichia squarripila (Thér.) Herzog – A (32963, 33247, 33575, 33679), B, C (30941, 31464, 31931, 31936, 32082, 32133, 32143, 32158, 32159, 32164, 32181, 32256, 32256a, 32258, 32274, 32280, 32881, 33855, 34009, 34032, 34041, 34042), N

Thamniopsis incurva (Hornsch.) W.R.Buck – C

Thamnobryum fasciculatum (Sw. ex Hedw.) I.Sastre – A, B, C, N

Thuidiopsis dusenii (Broth.) Broth. – A

Thuidiopsis furfurosa (Hook.f. & Wilson) M.Fleisch. – A

Thuidiopsis sparsa (Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. – A, B, N

Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. – B

Tortula jaffuelii Thér. – A, C, N

Tortula muralis Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Tortula platyphylla Mitt. – C

Tortula truncata (Hedw.) Mitt. – B, C

Trichostomum elliottii Broth. ex Dusén – C

Triquetrella patagonica Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

fo. filicaulis (Dusén) Herzog – C

Ulota macrodontia Dixon & Malta – A, N

Ulota rufula (Mitt.) A.Jaeger – A, B, N

Vittia pachyloma (Mont.) Ochyra – A, B, C, N

Warnstorfia exannulata (Schimp.) Loeske – A

Weissia controversa Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Weymouthia cochlearifolia (Schwägr.) Dixon – A

Weymouthia mollis (Hedw.) Broth. – A

Willia brachychaete (Dusén) R.H.Zander – A (32960, 33453, 33728), B, N

Zygodon hookeri var. leptobolax (Müll.Hal.) Calabrese – A, B, C, N

Zygodon obtusifolius Hook. – A (Syn. Bryomaltaea obtusifolia (Hook.) Goffinet)

Zygodon papillatus Mont. – A, B, C, N

Zygodon pentastichus (Mont.) Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Biogeographical analyses of the Bío-Bío mosses

From the biogeographical analyses of the taxa found in the Bío-Bío Region, 39.65% of the taxa are endemic to southern South America and adjacent areas, 24.19% of the taxa are bipolar, 13.7% are Southern Hemispheric taxa, 10.2% correspond to Neotropical taxa, 4.95% are Gondwanic taxa, and only 2.91% of the taxa are shared between southern South America, the Neotropics and Africa (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. 

Proportion of the biogeographic components in the total moss flora of Bío-Bío Region.

In terms of the distribution of mosses within the Bío-Bío Region, we have seen that the most diverse province is Ñuble with 226 taxa, followed by Bío-Bío Province (210), Concepción Province (200), and Arauco Province (197). These numbers may change with the more collecting still needed in all the four provinces.

Discussion

After the examination of more than 6,000 collections from Bío-Bío Region, a total of 343 moss taxa are reported in this paper. This number represents a major increase from the 190 taxa reported by He (1998) in the last checklist done before the beginning of this project. Several taxa had to be reevaluated, several names had to be changed and updated due to recent revisionary studies made by colleagues worldwide, and some taxa previously reported for the region had to be excluded from the Bío-Bío moss flora. A number of our colleagues identified difficult groups, like the Pottiaceae (María Jesús Cano, Mayte Gallego, Juan Jiménez, Richard Zander), Fissidens (Ron Pursell †), Bryaceae (John Spence), Dicranaceae (J.-P. Frahm †), and Bartramia, Sematophyllum (Bruce Allen).

As it has been noted elsewhere (Seki 1974, Villagrán et al. 2003, Larraín 2005, 2016), the dominating biogeographical component in any central or southern Chile region corresponds to the endemic element, reaching almost the 40% of taxa for the mosses of the Bío-Bío region. The second most represented element is the widely distributed species, that includes several recently introduced taxa or species mostly associated with human disturbances. As it happens in other regions of Chile with the mosses, it is interesting that the Southern Hemisphere plus the Gondwanic elements sum up almost twice the number of taxa that shows a southern South America-Neotropical distribution. Finally, there is a small number of species (n=10) shared between southern South America and the African continent.

Three taxa are still troublesome for us but they have been included in the list. One of these is Andreaea rupestris, a species that has been excluded from the Southern Hemisphere by both Vitt (1980) and Murray (2006). The latter authors suggest that the records reported as A. rupestris from the Southern Hemisphere might correspond to Andreaea mutabilis Hook.f. & Wilson or some other taxon with ecostate leaves. Another doubtful taxon is Plagiothecium denticulatum, reported for the first time for Chile by Mitten (1869), as P. donnianum (Sm.) Mitt. from Cape Horn, and subsequently reported several times by other authors (Müller 2009a). This taxon is not even mentioned in the monograph of Plagiotheciaceae for the Flora Neotropica project (Buck and Ireland 1989), and presently it is considered to be a boreal taxon. The third problematic taxon is Thamniopsis incurva, a widespread Neotropical species whose type was apparently collected in Chile by Chamisso (judging from the label of the type), but it has never been found again in Chile. It is possible that the original specimen of Chamisso was mislabeled and collected somewhere else along the South American coast.

Acknowledgements

Robert Ireland and Gilda Bellolio are extremely grateful to Peter H. Raven (MO) who assisted us in obtaining research grants with the National Geographic Society in 2001 and 2002 for funds to collect the mosses in the Bío-Bío Region of Chile. We are also grateful to CONAF for the collecting permits that allowed us to collect mosses in several areas. We would like to thank the Universidad de Concepción, the Missouri Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution for providing microscopes and the use of their herbaria to identify our specimens. Finally, we especially thank the following bryologists who assisted with the preparation of this paper or helped with the identification of several mosses, namely B.H. Allen (MO), W.R. Buck (NY), J.-P. Frahm † (BONN), J.A. Jiménez (MUB), R.A. Pursell † (PAC), H.E. Robinson (US), J.R. Spence (National Park Service, Page, Arizona) and R.H. Zander (MO).

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