Corresponding author: Sandra Knapp (
Academic editor: P. Stoev
Two additions and four new species are described from Brazil for the large Geminata clade (
Duas novas adições e quatro novas espécies ocorrentes no Brasil são apresentadas para o clado Geminata (
Knapp S, Stehmann JR, Giacomin LL (2015) New species, additions and a key to the Brazilian species of the Geminata clade of
The Geminata clade as broadly defined contains 149 species, all but one of which occur in the New World tropics (
An analysis of species richness and endemism patterns in the Neotropics using a group of species including many members of the Geminata clade (
Descriptions are based on field observations and examination of herbarium specimens from 27 collections in Brazil and abroad (B, BM, BHCB, BR, CEPEC, CORD, ESA, F, FUEL, FURB, G, HUEFS, IAC, JPB, K, LE, MBM, MBML, NY, PMSP, RB, SP, SPSF, UEC, UT, VIC, WU). Herbarium acronyms are from Index Herbariorum (
The broadly defined Geminata clade has 43 species native to Brazil (Table
Brazilian species of the Geminata clade (country endemics are in bold face); of 43 native species (is
Species | Brazilian distribution | Extra-Brazilian distribution | Biome distribution in Brazil |
---|---|---|---|
|
PR; RS; SC | Mata Atlântica | |
|
BA; MG | Mata Atlântica | |
AC; AM | Ecuador, Peru | Amazônia | |
|
PR; SC; SP | Mata Atlântica | |
|
RJ; RS | Mata Atlântica | |
RR | Amazônia | ||
|
BA; ES; MG | Mata Atlântica | |
|
AL; BA; CE; ES; MA; MG; MS; MT; PB; PE; PI; PR; RJ; RN; SC; SE; SP | Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica | |
AM; BA; CE; DF; ES; MA; MG; PA; PB; PE; PR; RJ; RR; RS; SC; SP | Venezuela | Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica | |
|
PR; SC | Mata Atlântica | |
|
MG; PR; RS; SC | Mata Atlântica | |
PR; RS; SC | Argentina, Paraguay | Amazônia, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica | |
|
BA | Mata Atlântica | |
MS; MT; RO | Bolivia, Paraguay | Mata Atlântica | |
PR; RS; SC; SP | Argentina, Paraguay | Mata Atlântica | |
MG | Introduced from Central America; cultivated and escaped worldwide | Cultivated | |
|
BA; ES; MG | Mata Atlântica | |
|
ES | Mata Atlântica | |
|
PR | Mata Atlântica | |
|
MG; PR; RJ; SP | Mata Atlântica | |
|
MG; RJ; SP | Mata Atlântica, Cerrado | |
|
PR; SC; SP | Mata Atlântica | |
|
ES; MG; RJ | Mata Atlântica | |
AM | Ecuador, Peru | Amazônia | |
AC; AM; GO; MA; MG; MT; PA; RO; RR | Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru | Amazônia, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica | |
AC; AM | Central and South America | Amazônia | |
AC; AM; PA; RR | Ecuador, Peru | Amazônia | |
|
PR; RS; SC; SP | Mata Atlântica | |
DF; ES; GO; MG; MS; MT; PR; RJ; RS; SC; SP | Cultivated worldwide | Cerrado, Mata Atlântica | |
|
PR; SC; SP | Mata Atlântica | |
BA; ES; MG; PR; RJ; RS; SC; SP | Argentina, Paraguay | Mata Atlântica | |
|
MG | Mata Atlântica, Cerrado | |
|
PR; RS; SC | Mata Atlântica | |
|
BA; ES; RJ | Mata Atlântica | |
AC; AM | Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia | Amazônia | |
|
BA | Mata Atlântica | |
AC; AM | Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia | Amazônia | |
|
PE | [in press Agra] | Mata Atlântica |
|
SP | Mata Atlântica | |
|
BA; ES; MG; PR; RJ; SC; SP | Mata Atlântica | |
MG; MT; PR | Bolivia | Mata Atlântica | |
PR; RS; SC; SP | Argentina, Paraguay | Mata Atlântica | |
|
MG; RJ; SP | Mata Atlântica | |
|
BA; ES; MG; RJ | Mata Atlântica |
Species of the Geminata clade and their distribution in the regions of Brazil (as defined in List of Species of the Brazilian Flora. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden.
Region | Species |
---|---|
Central-West (5) | |
North-Eeast (12) | |
North (10) | |
South-East (24) | |
South (19) |
Species of the Geminata clade occurring in each of the 27 Brazilian states (incl. DF). Species endemic to that state are in boldface type.
State | # | Species |
---|---|---|
Acre (AC) | 6 | |
Alagoas (AL) | 1 |
|
Amapá (AP) | 1 |
|
Amazonas (AM) | 8 | |
Bahia (BA) | 10 | |
Ceará (CE) | 2 | |
Distrito Federal (DF) | 2 | |
Espirito Santo (ES) | 9 | |
Goias (GO) | 3 | |
Maranhão (MA) | 3 | |
Mato Grosso (MT) | 5 | |
Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) | 2 | |
Minas Gerais (MG) | 17 | |
Pará (PA) | 3 | |
Paraíba (PB) | 2 | |
Paraná (PR) | 19 | |
Pernambuco (PE) | 3 | |
Piauí (PI) | 1 |
|
Rio de Janeiro (RJ) | 12 | |
Rio Grande do Norte (RN) | 1 |
|
Rio Grando do Sul (RS) | 11 | |
Rôndonia (RO) | 2 | |
Roraima (RR) | 3 | |
Santa Catarina (SC) | 16 | |
São Paulo (SP) | 15 | |
Sergipe (SE) | 1 |
|
Tocantins (TO) | 0 | --- |
Only seven of the native species occur exclusively outside the Mata Atlântica biome (Atlantic rainforest; as defined by
Because of their biology and occurrence in small populations of scattered individuals, most of the species described here (with the exception of
Although the south-eastern part of Brazil is the most intensively collected part of the country (
Like
Brazil. Bahia: Mun. Tancredo Neves, Estrada para os distritos de Água Branca e Julião,
Shrub to small treelet 0.5–3 m tall; young stems terete, glabrous or minutely puberulent with simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long; new growth glabrous; bark of older stems smooth, greenish brown. Sympodial units difoliate, geminate; leaves of a pair not differing in shape. Leaves simple, the major leaves 8–10(-15) cm long, 2–3(-5) cm wide, elliptic to obovate, usually widest near the middle or in the distal half, glabrous on both surfaces, fleshy in texture; primary veins 8 pairs, usually paler than the lamina; base sessile and more or less auriculate; margins entire; apex attenuate; petiole absent or < 0.1 cm long; minor leaves 3–5 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, differing from the majors only in size. Inflorescence 0.1–0.3 cm long, opposite the leaves, unbranched, with 4–7 flowers, glabrous; peduncle < 0.1 cm long; pedicels
Photograph of living plants of
Isotype specimen of
Endemic to eastern Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, known from northernmost Minas Gerais and southern Bahia (Figure
Distribution of
Flowering specimens have been collected from July to October but appears to peak in August; fruiting specimens have been collected from September to April.
The species epithet honours André M. Amorim, curator of the herbarium at CEPEC in Ilhéus, Bahia, and collector of the type specimen, whose knowledge of the flora of Bahia has helped many botanists in the region and beyond.
Near-threatened (NT) B1, 2a, b (ii, iii); EOO 20,663 km2 (NT); AOO 40 km2 (EN). Although the large extent of occurrence (> 20,000 km2) places
Leaves of
Brazil. São Paulo. Apiahy, Feb 1891(fl),
Small erect shrubs, to 50 cm tall, often rhizomatous with a horizontal woody branch bearing several adventitious roots; young stems moderate to densely pubescent, with 4–8-celled hyaline trichomes to 2 mm long; new growth drying dark, densely pubescent; bark of older stems pale gray, glabrescent, not exfoliating. Sympodial units 3-plurifoliate, normally not geminate, if geminate, with leaves differing only in size. Leaves simple, 3.4–11 × 0.8–4 cm, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, membranous, slightly discolorous, shiny green adaxially when fresh, drying pale green beneath, dark above, not shiny, both surfaces moderate to densely pubescent with hyaline simple uniseriate trichomes 1–2 mm long with up to 5 cells, sometimes with a multicellular base (but see comments); primary veins 5–7 pairs, the midrib and primary veins darker abaxially, raised; base attenuate to acute, slightly decurrent onto the petiole, mostly symmetric; margins entire, not revolute, ciliate with antrorse hyaline trichomes; apex attenuate to acuminate; petioles 2.5–15 mm long, densely pubescent, with trichomes like those of the stems and leaves. Inflorescences 1.7 to 3.3 cm long, mostly lateral or less often strictly opposite the leaves, unbranched, with 3–5 flowers, moderate to densely pubescent, with hyaline trichomes like those of the stems and leaves; peduncle 4–15 mm long; pedicels 5 to 11 mm long, articulated at base; pedicel scars closely spaced
Lectotype specimen of
In the Serra do Mar mountain range in the Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Figure
Distribution of
Fertile specimens are known from September to February. Mature fruits were observed only in October.
The epithet refers to the type locality, the city of Apiaí in southern São Paulo state.
Endangered (EN) B1; B2 ab (ii, iii, iv). EOO 3,208 km2 (EN); AOO 16 km2 (EN). Although the species occurs in a wide latitudinal range, it is locally rare, and is known from only six localities. None of the known populations are from within protected areas.
Morphologically both taxa are easy to distinguish from most other Geminata species, and have the following assemblage of characters: both are small shrubs with leaves mostly not geminate, they have leaf trichomes with an expanded multicellular base and relatively large flowers (>1.5 cm in diameter). Among them,
In the past, the epithet
The type material found at WU (
Differs from the sympatric
Brazil. Espírito Santo: Mun. Santa Teresa, Comunidade de Santo Antônio, Propriedade do Sr. Boza, fragmento de floresta ombrófila densa após plantação de eucalipto, à direita da entrada, descendo o vale,
Erect shrubs to small trees, up to 3 m tall, normally branching close to the apex, the upper stems ascendant; young stems terete, glabrous; new growth brownish, glabrous. Bark of older stems turning pale greyish brown, glabrous, not exfoliating. Sympodial units difoliate, mostly geminate, with leaves not differing in shape or size. Leaves simple, 4.6–15.9 cm long, 1.3–4.9 cm wide, narrowly elliptic, membranous to chartaceous, slightly discolorous when dry, the adaxial surface glabrous, dark green and somewhat shiny in live plants, the abaxial surface sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate 7–12-celled trichomes to 1 mm long in tufts in the primary vein axils, occasionally extending to the midrib; primary veins 5–9 pairs, yellowish green, discretely raised above, raised beneath; base attenuate to acute, slightly decurrent onto the petiole, sometimes asymmetric; margins entire, slightly undulate (ruffled) and revolute, apex long-attenuate to acuminate; petioles 1–9 mm long, glabrous. Inflorescences 3.5 to 26 cm long, opposite the leaves or internodal, unbranched, slender and very delicate, with 18–60 flowers, but bearing normally with 4–10 flowers at a time, glabrous; peduncle 1.8–3.8 cm long; pedicels 7–18 mm long,
Holotype specimen (sheet two) of
Restricted to the state of Espírito Santo (Figure
Distribution of
Rare in the understory of well-preserved fragments of the sub-montane and montane Brazilian Atlantic coastal rainforest (
Fertile specimens of
The epithet refers to the long and slender inflorescence rachis, which is not observed in any of the Brazilian sympatric species, although a common feature in some species of the
Endangered (EN) B1, B2 ab (ii, iii, iv); EOO 1,136 km2 (EN); AOO 20 km2 (EN).
Another Brazilian species with which
We have designated a two sheet holotype for
Brazil. Sin loc. [probably Rio de Janeiro] “Silvis nondum cultis ad rivulae, vel stagna crescit” (no specimens located; lectotype, designated here: Vellozo, Flora fluminensis icones 2: tab. 93. 1831; epitype, designated here: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Mun. Nova Friburgo, RPPN Bacchus, Macaé da Cima, near Nova Friburgo, owned by David and Isabel Miller, Trilha da Aguada,
Shrub or small treelet 1–3 m (occasionally as small as 25–30 cm or as tall as 5 m); young stems terete, glabrous; new growth glabrous or minutely papillate; bark of older stems pale brown, with prominent paler lenticels. Sympodial units difoliate, geminate or more usually not geminate; leaves of a pair usually differing in size but not in shape. Leaves simple, 9.5–25 cm long, 3.5–9 cm wide, narrowly obovate, widest in the distal half, membranous, glabrous on both surfaces, the abaxial surface paler in dry specimens; primary veins 6–10 pairs, drying dark abaxially; base attenuate; margins entire; apex bluntly acute to attenuate; petiole 1–3 cm long, glabrous; minor leaves, if present, differing only in size from the majors. Inflorescences 0.1–0.5 cm long, terminal, more or less leaf-opposed or internodal and appearing pseudoaxillary, unbranched or occasionally furcate, with 5–10 flowers, glabrous; peduncle 0.1–0.5 cm long, the flowers in an apical clump; pedicels 0.9–1.1 cm long, < 0.5 mm in diameter at the base and apex, filiform, spreading at anthesis, glabrous, articulated at the base, with a constriction at the apex just below the calyx lobes, this becoming more pronounced in fruit; pedicel scars congested and overlapping at the tip of the very short inflorescence. Buds ovoid, the corolla strongly exserted form the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, perfect. Calyx tube
Photograph of living plants of
Lectotype of
Epitype specimen of
south-eastern Brazil in the states of Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro (Figure
Distribution of
No apparent pattern in flowering or fruiting; specimens are often collected with only inflorescences, each plant is very few-flowered.
The species epithet was coined by
Near Threatened (NT) B1, 2 a, b(ii, iii); EOO 32,466 km2 (NT); AOO 28 km2 (EN). In spite of its large extent of occurrence,
We have recognised
Like
Brazil. Minas Gerais: Mun. Mariana, Mina de Fazendão, em mata, próximo à ferrovia,
Treelet to 4 m, rhizomatous with underground stems; young stems terete, glabrous; new growth completely glabrous, occasionally minutely papillate; bark of older stems greenish brown, slightly winged from the leaf bases. Sympodial units difoliate, geminate; leaves of a pair differing in size but not usually in shape. Leaves simple, the major leaves 10–15(-25) cm long, 4–13 cm wide, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, occasionally wider in the distal third and narrowly obovate, membranous, glabrous on both surfaces, the abaxial surface often drying paler than the adaxial surface; primary veins 8–11 pairs, drying somewhat lighter than the lamina; base attenuate, somewhat oblique; margins entire; apex acute, the tip somewhat blunt; petiole 1.5–2 cm long, glabrous; minor leaves 6–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, differing from the majors only in size and sometimes not present in dried specimens. Inflorescences 0.2–2 cm long, opposite the leaves or appearing to arise from the leaf axils, unbranched, but apparently sometimes with 2 inflorescences from one axil and appearing branched (
Holotype specimen of
In the south-eastern part of the state of Minas Gerais, in islands of forest (
Distribution of
Flowering specimens have been collected throughout the year; fruits have only been seen on the type specimen, collected in July. It is probable that this species flowers and fruits sporadically throughout the year.
Named for its completely glabrous leaves (from the Greek
Critically Endangered (CR) B1, 2 a, b(ii, iii, iv); EOO 26 km2 (CR); AOO 16 km2 (EN).
Three sheets of labelled as “Solanum cormanthum Vell.” in Martius’s hand in Brussels belong to this species as do presumed duplicates of this collection in F (F-680206) and G (G00016950) cited by
The Vellozo illustration of
Like
Brazil. São Paulo: Mun. Santo André, Paranapiacaba, Estação Biológica, 23°46'-23°48'S, 46°21'-46°17'W, 800 m, 30 Jul 1980.
Tree to 8 m, the branching appearing somewhat verticillate with branches in congested groups; young stems terete, completely glabrous, usually shiny; new growth completely glabrous and shiny, in live plants sometimes purplish green; bark of older stems pale yellow when dry, in live plants greyish brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves clustered along the stems. Leaves simple, 4.5–16 cm long, 2–5 cm wide, elliptic to obelliptic, usually narrowly so, chartaceous and somewhat brittle, both surfaces glabrous and shiny, drying a golden brown; primary veins 6–10 pairs, drying yellowish brown, not looping in a submarginal vein; base acute to acuminate; margins entire, sometimes revolute; apex abruptly acute to attenuate; petiole (0.5-)1–2 cm long, glabrous, drying pale yellowish brown. Inflorescences 2–5 cm long, terminal, appearing axillary but this due to short internodes and congested leaves, branching 1–2 times, with 30–40 flowers, completely glabrous; peduncle 0.5–2.5 cm long; pedicels 1.5–1.7 cm long,
Holotype specimen of
Endemic to south-eastern Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; in the Serra do Mar and Mantiequeira mountain chains (Figure
Distribution of
Most flowering specimens collected in the months of June and July; fruiting in November-January. Sporadic flowering and fruiting apparently occurs throughout the year, but a flowering peak occurs in the austral winter (May-August), which is also the drier season.
Named for the pseudo-verticillate nature of the stems, where many branches appear to arise from a set of closely spaced nodes (Figure
Least Concern (LC); EOO 75, 516 km2 (LC); AOO 60 km2 (EN). Although only described here,
This species was commonly collected until approximately the 1980s and populations from the Paranapiacaba reserve are well represented in SP. It is strange that more recent collections do not seem to have been made; this may be due to the tree habit of
1 | Mature leaves completely glabrous, with no trichomes > 1 cell long (Note: new growth can have some pubescence in these species) |
|
– | Mature leaves with at least some trichomes > 1 cell long |
|
2 | Sympodial units plurifoliate, difoliate or unifoliate, not geminate |
|
– | Sympodial units difoliate and geminate |
|
3 | Sympodial units unifoliate; new growth with minute branched trichomes [BA; ES; MG] |
|
– | Sympodial units with more than one leaf; new growth glabrous or with arachnoid (tangled like spider’s webs) or scurfy pubescence |
|
4 | Stems winged [PR; RS; SC] |
|
– | Stems not strongly winged |
|
5 | Inflorescence many times branched |
|
– | Inflorescence simple or at most once-branched (often near the base) |
|
6 | Leaves with conspicuous domatia like small pits in the vein axils abaxially [PR; RS; SC; SP] |
|
– | Leaves without domatia abaxially |
|
7 | Corolla < 1 cm in diameter; leaf bases acute or cuneate; plants often drying black or dark brown [BA] |
|
– | Corolla > 1 cm in diameter; leaf bases attenuate; plants not drying black or dark brown |
|
8 | Inflorescences stout, the pedicel scars closely spaced and usually overlapping; leaves large and repand with parallel venation; new growth with brown scurfy pubescence [AC; AM] |
|
– | Inflorescences not stout, the pedicel scars not overlapping; leaves not repand with parallel venation; new growth glabrous or with minute golden pubescence, not scurfy and reddish brown when dry |
|
9 | New growth and inflorescence axes with minute golden pubescence; leaves matte, sessile or very short petiolate; buds completely enclosed in the calyx when young [AC; AM] |
|
– | New growth and inflorescence axes glabrous and shiny; leaves shiny, petiolate; buds not completely enclosed in calyx |
|
10 | Leaves chartaceous, apparently whorled, wider in the distal third; flowers sweet-smelling; mature fruit orange or yellow; montane areas [MG; RJ; SP] |
|
– | Leaves membraneous to fleshy, not whorled, widest in the middle; flowers not sweet-smelling; mature fruit green; coastal [BA; ES; MG; RJ] |
|
11 | New growth with arachnoid or scurfy pubescence |
|
– | New growth completely glabrous |
|
12 | New growth with matted arachnoid pubescence; sympodial units plurifoliate; inflorescences simple [PR; SC] |
|
– | New growth with scurfy papillate pubescence; sympodial units difoliate; inflorescences simple or furcate AC; AM] |
|
13 | Flowers > 1 cm in diameter; inflorescence > 1 cm long; leaves elliptic [MG] |
|
– | Flowers < 1 cm in diameter; inflorescence < 1 cm long; leaves obelliptic [ES; MG; RJ] |
|
14 | Leaves of a geminate pair not differing markedly in shape (but can differ in size) |
|
– | Leaves of a geminate pair differing markedly in shape (usually also in size) |
|
15 | New growth finely golden pubescent; plants of the Amazon [AC; AM; PA; RR] |
|
– | New growth glabrous; plants of SE Brazil |
|
16 | Stems strongly winged inflorescence branched [PR; RS; SC] |
|
– | Stems terete, not winged; inflorescence unbranched or at most furcate |
|
17 | Inflorescences elongate (> 2 cm long), the pedicel scars not overlapping; pedicels strongly winged [BA; ES; MG; RJ] |
|
– | Inflorescence minute (< 0.5 cm long), the pedicel scars overlapping; pedicels terete |
|
18 | Stems strongly winged [BA; ES; RJ] |
|
– | Stems terete |
|
19 | Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 1–1.5 mm long; corolla with the lobes reflexed; stem not lenticellate; leaves not drying black or dark brown [BA; MG] |
|
– | Calyx lobes deltate, < 1 mm long; corolla with the lobes spreading; stem strongly lenticellate; leaves drying black or dark brown [ES; MG; RJ] |
|
20 | Fruits red or orange; fruiting pedicels erect |
|
– | Fruits green or yellowish green; fruiting pedicels deflexed |
|
21 | Flowers > 1 cm in diameter, the corolla lobes spreading; fruit dark orange or red [cultivated] |
|
– | Flowers < 1 cm in diameter, the corolla lobes strongly reflexed; fruit pale orange [cultivated] |
|
22 | Stems winged |
|
– | Stems terete |
|
23 | Bark of older stems white and peeling; internodes crowded; inflorescences filiform and pedicel scars spaced; flowers < 1 cm in diameter; plants of river courses [BA; ES; MG; PR; RJ; SC; SP] |
|
– | Bark of older stems not markedly peeling; internodes not crowded; inflorescences very short and thick and pedicel scars congested; flowers > 1 cm in diameter; plants of forest understory [BA; ES; RJ] |
|
24 | Buds ellipsoid or turbinate; corolla > 1.5 cm in diameter, the lobes cucullate, spreading; minor leaves usually heart-shaped |
|
– | Buds globose; corolla < 1 cm in diameter, the lobes not cucullate, reflexed; minor leaves not usually heart-shaped |
|
25 | Buds turbinate; calyx lobes deltate or broadly deltate; fruiting pedicels swollen at distal end just below the calyx; new growth finely pubescent with whitish trichomes [AC; AM; GO; MA; MG; MT; PA; RO; RR] |
|
– | Buds ellipsoid; calyx lobes long-acuminate; fruiting pedicels gradually tapering to apex; new growth glabrous [AC; AM] |
|
26 | Inflorescence stout; pedicel scars closely spaced; fruiting pedicels erect [RR] |
|
– | Inflorescence filiform; pedicel scars evenly but not tightly spaces; fruiting pedicels deflexed |
|
27 | Minor leaves very small and appearing stipulate; new growth and calyx lobes with fine golden pubescence (this occasionally extending to the midrib); plants of the Amazon [AM] |
|
– | Minor leaves not stipulate; new growth and calyx lobes glabrous; plants of Mata Atlântica [PE] |
|
28 | Trichomes variously branched |
|
– | Trichomes simple or at most a few furcate |
|
29 | Upper leaf surfaces glabrous and shiny; if trichomes present then the upper surface very sparsely pubescent |
|
– | Upper leaf surfaces not markedly shiny; variously pubescent |
|
30 | Trichomes lax and dendritic |
|
– | Trichomes with more densely congested branches (or echinoid) |
|
31 | Leaves sessile or the base strongly attenuate; trichomes sparse on lower leaf surface [PR; SC; SP] |
|
– | Leaves petiolate; trichomes dense on lower leaf surface, obscuring the lamina [RJ; RS] |
|
32 | Trichomes in axillary tufts; stems glabrous or only sparsely pubescent with mostly uniseriate trichomes on new growth; plants of the Amazon [AC; AM] |
|
– | Trichomes distributed over entire abaxial lamina; stems densely to moderately pubescent with dendritic trichomes; plants of south-eastern Brazil |
|
33 | Inflorescence simple; sympodial units difoliate, geminate or not geminate [BA; ES; MG; RJ] |
|
– | Inflorescence several to many times branched sympodial units plurifoliate [PR; RS; SC] |
|
34 | Pedicels distinctly swollen at the distal end; flowers fleshy, the corolla lobes spreading [AC; AM; GO; MA; MG; MT; PA; RO; RR] |
|
– | Pedicels tapering to the distal end; flowers not markedly fleshy, corolla lobes spreading or reflexed |
|
35 | Mature fruit green or yellowish green; flowering and fruiting pedicels nodding or spreading |
|
– | Mature fruit red or orange; fruiting pedicels erect; flowering pedicels nodding |
|
36 | Inflorescence many times branched; sympodial units plurifoliate [PR; RS; SC] |
|
– | Inflorescence simple; sympodial units defoliate |
|
37 | Leaf trichomes whitish in colour; sympodial units difoliate, not geminate; flowers fleshy; fruit glabrous [MG; PR; RS; SC] |
|
– | Leaf trichomes beige or brownish in colour; sympodial units difoliate, geminate and anisophyllous; flowers membranous; fruit densely pubescent [MG; PR; RJ; SP] |
|
38 | Sympodial units di-or trifoliate; pubescence a mixture of simple and dendritic trichomes [PR; RS; SC; SP] |
|
– | Sympodial units defoliate; pubescence of only dendritic trichomes |
|
39 | Leaves narrowly linear [SP] |
|
– | Leaves elliptic |
|
40 | Trichomes reddish brown, 1–2 mm long, evenly distributed on both leaf surfaces [PR; SC; SP] |
|
– | Trichomes whitish cream, 0.25–0.5 mm long, denser abaxially [plants from natural habitats, not cultivated; DF; ES; GO; MG; MS; MT; PR; RJ; RS; SC; SP] |
|
41 | Leaf trichomes evenly distributed on both surfaces, always extending to the lamina abaxially |
|
– | Leaf trichomes confined to the abaxial surfaces; often in tufts in the vein axils (if pubescence on upper surface then this very sparse and only along the midrib) |
|
42 | Trichomes < 1 mm long, 1–2-celled, from broad multicellular bases, hooked; leaves scabrous [PR; RS; SC; SP] |
|
– | Trichomes > 1 mm long, if less than 1 mm long then multi-celled, not hooked; leaves not scabrous |
|
43 | Leaves only sparsely pubescent above; trichomes white, minute; pedicel with an expanded distal end; flowers fleshy, the corolla lobes spreading [MS; MT; RO] |
|
– | Leaves evenly pubescent on both surfaces; trichomes translucent, to 2 mm long; pedicel filiform; flowers membraneous, the corolla lobes reflexed [PR; SC; SP] |
|
44 | Pubescence evenly distributed over entire lower leaf surface |
|
– | Pubescence confined to tufts in leaf vein axils or along the midrib |
|
45 | Anthers unequal; pores never lengthening to slits [PR; RS; SC] |
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– | Anthers of equal size; pores lengthening to slits with age [MG; RJ; SP] |
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46 | Flowers > 1.5 cm in diameter, somewhat fleshy; corolla lobes spreading |
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– | Flowers < 1.5 cm in diameter, not markedly fleshy; corolla lobes reflexed or spreading |
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47 | Calyx lobes expanded and petaloid; pedicels tapering evenly from base to tip |
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– | Calyx lobes variously deltate or triangular, not petaloid or markedly expanded; pedicels with a swollen distal end |
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48 | Pedicels strongly winged, green [BA; ES; MG; RJ] |
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– | Pedicels terete, white [AL; BA; CE; ES; MA; MG; MS; MT; PB; PE; PI; PR; RJ; RN; SC; SE; SP] |
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49 | Leaf base abruptly attenuate [MS; MT; RO] |
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– | Leaf base acute [AC; AM; GO; MA; MG; MT; PA; RO; RR] |
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50 | Bark of older stems (not very new growth) pale white or yellowish green (especially when dry) |
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– | Bark of older stems (not very new growth) brown or grey, not yellowish green |
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51 | Stems with long multicellular trichomes; flowers with equal anthers and filaments; anther pores opening to slits [PR] |
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– | Stems glabrous; flowers with unequal anthers and filaments; anther pores round [BA; ES; MG; PR; RJ; RS; SC; SP] |
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52 | Inflorescences elongate and filiform, with widely spaced pedicel scars |
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– | Inflorescences not elongate or filiform, the pedicel scars closely spaced or overlapping |
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53 | Leaf margins undulate (ruffled); flowers < 1 cm in diameter, the corolla lobes not markedly cucullate [ES] |
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– | Leaf margins plane; flowers > 1 cm in diameter, the corolla lobes cucullate [AM; BA; CE; DF; ES; MA; MG; PA; PB; PE; PR; RJ; RR; RS; SC; SP] |
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54 | Flowers congested at apex of inflorescence; pedicel scars overlapping; calyx lobes long triangular [MG; MT; PR] |
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– | Flowers spaced along the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars closely spaced, but not markedly overlapping; calyx lobes deltate or spathulate |
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55 | Stems winged; calyx lobes spathulate; plants of south-eastern Brazil [BA] |
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– | Stems terete; calyx lobes deltate; plants of the Amazon [AC; AM] |
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We would like to thank the curators of the cited herbaria for allowing visits and loans of specimens, and RB, SP and WU for kindly permiting us to use images of the specimens in their care; the Photo Unit at NHM for photographing plates from Vellozo; A.M. Amorim for allowing us to use his field photgraph of