Corresponding author: Warren L. Wagner (
Academic editor: Alan Paton
During the preparation of the
Island distribution of Marquesas species of
Species / Island | Nuku Hiva | Ua Huka | Ua Pou | Hiva Oa | Tahuata | Fatu Hiva |
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4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
The Marquesas Island species form a weakly supported clade in the recent maximum likelihood molecular analyses (
A portion of the Maximum likelihood phylogram from
Map of the Marquesas Islands.
When evaluated using the IUCN Red list categories and criteria for threatened species version 3.1 (
All measurements given herein are taken from dried herbarium specimens, although certain features such as shapes were supplemented with information from alcohol-preserved flowers and fruits, field notes, and color slides or digital photos. Measurements are presented in the descriptions as follows: length × width, followed by units of measurement (mm or cm). Specimens from the following herbaria were studied: AD, BISH, BKL, CBG, CHR, E, HAST, K, L, MO, MPU, NSW, NY, P, PAP, PTBG, S, UC, US, and WU). Many of the Marquesas
1 | Leaves suborbicular, peltate |
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– | Leaves elliptic, elliptic-oblanceolate or lanceolate, not peltate | 2 |
2 | Leaves strongly revolute |
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– | Leaves flat or very inconspicuously revolute | 3 |
3 | Plant less than 1 m tall; leaves 1–2.1 cm wide |
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– | Plant (1–) 2–5 m tall; leaves (1.3–) 5–25 cm wide | 4 |
4 | Calyx divided less than 3/4 the way to the base, plicate | 5 |
– | Calyx divided nearly to the base, not plicate | 9 |
5 | Leaves rugose, 26–40 × 10–25 cm; bracts rhombic, 18–20 mm |
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– | Leaves not rugose, 14–29 × 5–13 cm; bracts triangular, 3–11 mm | 6 |
6 | Inflorescence 14–30 cm; peduncles 80–90 mm; calyx 25–45 mm |
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– | Inflorescence 0–7 cm; peduncles 0–35 mm; calyx 15–25 mm | 7 |
7 | Lower surface of leaves densely dark ferruginous pubescent |
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– | Lower surface of leaves pale ferruginous pubescent when young, glabrate or pubescent primarily along veins on lower surface at maturity | 8 |
8 | Leaves elliptic, occasionally elliptic-oblanceolate, 14–24.5 × 5–7.5 cm; calyx 15–23 mm |
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– | Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate to elliptic, 19–28 × 8–13 cm; calyx 20–25 mm |
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9 | Plants glabrous, or occasionally with a few scattered hairs |
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– | Plants pubescent, at least on the youngest parts of the plant | 10 |
10 | Plant densely ferruginous pubescent; peduncles 2–3 mm in diameter |
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– | Plant sparsely to moderately whitish to ferruginous pubescent; peduncles 1–2 mm in diameter |
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Marquesas Islands: Ua Huka: Hanay [Hane] Bay, 500 m, 16 November 1922, W. B. Jones 1712 (lectotype: BISH-501566!; designated by G. W. Gillett, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 66: 55. 1973). H. St. John made a superfluous lectotypification (Phytologia 33: 422, 1976). A second syntype, Quayle 1243 (BISH) [now referred to
Shrubs 2–6 m. Leaves opposite, borne on upper 2–5 nodes, leathery when fresh, drying chartaceous, broadly elliptic to broadly elliptic-oblanceolate, 26–40 × 10–25 cm, rugose, upper surface glossy, green, sparsely pubescent when young, especially along major veins, quickly glabrate, lower surface pale green, moderately ferruginous appressed pubescent, especially along major veins, quickly glabrate, margins irregularly serrate-dentate, apex broadly rounded, ± with an often long, acuminate tip, base broadly rounded, truncate or abruptly attenuate, petioles 2.5–7.0 cm long. Flowers in loose, open cymes 8–20 cm long, basally cauliflorouson the main stem, cymules 1–3 flowered, peduncles up to 30 mm long, ca. 3–4 mm in diameter, pedicels 0–1 mm, bracts rhombic, whitish brown, 18–20 mm, soon deciduous; calyx funnelform, whitish brown, plicate, 33–46 mm long, the lobes 10–20 mm long, unequal, triangular, sparsely minutely appressed pubescent, appearing glabrate, deciduous after anthesis; corolla white, tube funnelform, 40–50 mm long, slightly exceeding the calyx, lobes suborbicular, 8–15 mm long; style ca. 7 mm long, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. Mature berry unknown, but young ones ovoid, ca. 10 mm long.
Marquesas Islands, endemic to Ua Huka, scattered in Hitikau area to Vaikivi summit and drainage, from 500 to 870 m. One collection (Mumford & Adamson 561, BISH) made in 1929 is from Nuku Hiva, but it is possible that the locality on the label is incorrect and the plant was actually collected on Ua Huka, where Adamson was for four days in October 1929 (N. Evenhuis, pers. comm. May 2013).
IUCN Red List Category: Endangered EN B1ab (i,ii,iii) + 2 ab (i,ii,iii): B2: total area of occupancy less than 5000 km2 (ca. 423 km2). B1a, severely fragmented; B1b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
Brown described the genus
Marquesas Islands: Nuku Hiva: Rain forest, 800 m, September 1922, E.H. Quayle 1233 [1293] (holotype: BISH-509954!; isotypes: BISH!, BKL).
Shrubs (1.5–) 2–5 m tall; stems usually few. Leaves opposite, borne on upper 4–8 nodes, elliptic, occasionally elliptic-oblanceolate, 14–24.5 × 5–7.5 cm, glabrate, upper surface glossy, dark green, lower surface pale green, margins serrulate, apex rounded and usually with acuminate tip, base attenuate, petioles 3–6 cm. Flowers in congested cymes 2.0–7 cm arising in the upper leaf axils, flowers 1–9, ferruginous pubescent, quickly glabrate, peduncles 10–35 mm long, ca. 1–2 mm in diameter, pedicels 2–18 mm, bracts triangular, ca. 3–5 mm; calyx ellipsoid, white, plicate, 15–23 mm long, the lobes 6–11 mm long, deciduous after anthesis; corolla broadly funnelform, tube ca. 22–30 mm, slightly exceeding the calyx, the lobes ca. 8–10 mm long; style ca. 3 mm long, pubescent. Young berry cylindrical-ovoid, 10–18 mm long.
Marquesas Islands, uncommon, endemic to Nuku Hiva, Toovii Plateau to Mt. Ooumu, from 800 to 1150 m.
IUCN Red List Category: Endangered EN B1ab (i,ii,iii) + 2 ab (i,ii,iii): B2: total area of occupancy less than 5000 km2 (ca. 340 km2). B1a, severely fragmented; B1b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
Marquesas Islands: Nuku Hiva: Tovii, 850–900 m, 9 July 1975, J.-C.Thibault 134 (holotype: US-02969235!; isotype: US!).
Shrubs 2–5 m. Leaves opposite, borne on upper 4–8 nodes, oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 16–29 × 6.5–13 cm, upper surface glabrate or ferruginous pubescent on veins, lower surface densely or moderately ferruginous pubescent, apex acuminate, base cuneate, petioles 2–6 cm long, appressed ferruginous pubescent. Flowers in open, loose cymes, 14–30 cm long, arising in the upper leaf axils, appressed ferruginous pubescent, peduncle 80–90 mm long, ca. 1–2 mm in diameter, pedicels 10–15 mm, elongating to 25–30 mm in fruit, bracts triangular, ca. 6–11 mm; calyx cylindrical-ellipsoid, pale green, plicate, 25–45 mm long, appressed ferruginous pubescent, lobes 5–17 mm long, deciduous after anthesis; corolla funnelform, tube 25–50 mm long, lobes about 15–20 mm long; style 10 mm long, appressed to spreading pubescent. Berry fusiform, ca. 45 mm long. Seeds broadly elliptic or ovoid, 0.3-0.4 mm long, reticulate.
Marquesas Islands, scattered, on Nuku Hiva from the Toovii Plateau to Mt. Ooumu, and on Ua Pou from Oave, Teavahaakiti, and Pouakei, from 700 to 1050 m.
IUCN Red List Category: Endangered EN B1ab (i,ii,iii) + 2 ab (i,ii,iii). B2: total area of occupancy less than 5000 km2 (ca. 445 km2). B1a, severely fragmented; B1b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
The sample used (Wood 10428) in the molecular study by
Marquesas Islands: Ua Huka: Summit of ridge near Hitikau,
Shrubs 1-2 m tall; stems apparently few. Leaves opposite, borne on upper 2–5 nodes, broadly elliptic, 18–26 × 7–10 cm, lower surface densely ferruginous appressed pubescent, upper surface glabrate, irregularly dentate, the teeth variable in size, petiole 5–6.5 cm, ferruginous appressed to spreading pubescent. Flowers in cymes arising in the upper leaf axils, apparently 1–3 flowered, peduncle 0–2 mm, ca. 1–2 mm in diameter, pedicels up to 6 mm; calyx cylindrical-ellipsoid, white, plicate; corolla much longer than calyx; style up to 10 mm, flower parts otherwise unknown. Partly mature berries up to 14 mm long.
Marquesas Islands, rare, endemic to Hitikau summit area, Ua Huka, from 820–870 m.
The specific epithet refers to the island of Ua Huka where the only known populations occur.
IUCN Red List Category: Critically Endangered CR B2a + 2b (i, ii, iii). B2: total area of occupancy less than 10 km2 (ca. 5 km2). B2a, a single population known; b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
Little is known about this species as it has been collected only four times. None of the collections were preserved with any flowers, only young fruit.
Marquesas Islands: Ua Pou: Ua Pou: Ridge just north of Oave, between Oave and Matahenua, high mountain peaks along main backbone ridge, 945 m,
Shrubs 1.5–3 m tall; stems usually few. Leaves opposite, borne on upper 3–5 nodes, elliptic-oblanceolate to elliptic, 19–28 × 8–13 cm, upper surface glossy, dark green, glabrate, lower surface pale green, ferruginous pubescent when young, when maturing pubescent primarily along the veins, margins serrulate, apex rounded and usually acuminate, base attenuate, petioles 4.5–7 cm. Flowers in congested cymes 1–3 cm long arising in the upper leaf axils, flowers 1–6, ferruginous pubescent, quickly glabrate, peduncles 3–15 mm long, ca. 1–2 mm in diameter, pedicels 0–10 mm, bracts triangular, ca. 8–11 mm; calyx ellipsoid, white, plicate, 20–25 mm long, the lobes 8–13 mm long, deciduous after anthesis; corolla broadly funnelform, tube ca. 22–35 mm, slightly exceeding the calyx, the lobes ca. 8–10 mm long; style ca. 3 mm long, pubescent. Young berry ellipsoid-ovoid, 15–25 mm long.
Marquesas Islands, rare, endemic to high ridges of Ua Pou, from Oave, Matahenua, Teavahaakiti, Tekahuipu, and Tekohepu, 680–945 m.
The specific epithet refers to the island of Ua Pou where the only known populations occur.
IUCN Red List Category: Critically Endangered CR B2a + 2b (i, ii, iii). B2: total area of occupancy less than 10 km2 (ca. 5 km2). B2a, a single population known; b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
Marquesas Islands: Ua Pou: Tekohepu, windswept and cloud-shrouded summit, shrubland of
Shrubs 0.2–1 m. Leaves opposite, clustered on upper 2–5 nodes, brittle, elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, 4–7.6 × 1.0–2.1 cm, upper surface glossy, green, glabrous, lower surface pale green, glabrous, margins irregularly and inconspicuously serrulate, apex acuminate, base attenuate, petioles 0.2–1.6 cm long. Flowers in loose, open cymes 3–6 cm long, arising in the upper leaf axils, cymes 1–3 flowered, peduncles 15–40 mm long, ca. 1–1.5 mm in diameter, pedicels 10–18 mm, bracts lanceolate, ca. 6–8 mm; calyx funnelform, white, ca. 11–15 mm long, lobes 5–9 mm long, subequal, glabrous, deciduous after anthesis; corolla white, funnelform, tube ca. 24–26 mm long, lobes ca. 6–8 mm long. Immature berry 15 mm long.
Marquesas Islands, rare, endemic to high ridges of Ua Pou, from Oave and Matahenua to Teavahaakiti, Tekahuipu, and Tekohepu, 790–945 m.
This new species is named for Kenneth R. Wood, who first collected it and who has contributed greatly to our knowledge of the flora of the Marquesas and the Hawaiian Islands through his collections and field observations.
IUCN Red List Category: Critically Endangered EN B2a + B2b(i–iii). B2: total area of occupancy less than 10 km2 (ca. 5 km2). B2a, a single population known; b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
The sample of
Marquesas Islands: Hiva Oa: Feani, 800 m, 8 December 1921, F.B.H. Brown 827 (holotype: BISH-509530!)
Shrub 1.5–3 m; stems glabrous or with a few scattered hairs when young. Leaves opposite, lanceolate to elliptic, 2.5–19 × 1.3–7.2 cm, glabrous, margins crenulate-serrulate, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, petioles 1–5 cm. Flowers 1-3 in cymes arising in the leaf axils, usually somewhat shorter than the leaves, glabrous or with scattered hairs, peduncles 10–45 mm long, ca. 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, pedicels 18–35 mm long, bracts inconspicuous, narrowly lanceolate or triangular, 1–5 mm long, deciduous; calyx usually white, occasionally greenish white, 10–24 mm, divided nearly to the base, lobes lanceolate, tardily deciduous; corolla white, glabrous externally, tube 18–23 mm long, the lobes subequal, broadly obovate, 10–12 mm long; ovary narrowly ovoid, glabrous, style ca. 7 mm long, minutely puberulent. Berries pale orange, ca. 15 mm long, narrowly ovoid, glabrous.
Marquesas Islands, occurring on Hiva Oa and Tahuata, and known from a few collections made in 1922 on Nuku Hiva and Ua Huka, from 700 to 1100 m.
IUCN Red List Category: Endangered EN B1ab (i,ii,iii) + 2ab (i,ii,iii). B2: total area of occupancy less than 5000 km2 (ca. 799 km2). B1a, severely fragmented; B1b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
Marquesas Islands: Hiva Oa: Ootua, 800 m, 15 December 1921, F.B.H. Brown 961 (holotype: BISH-509956!).
Shrub 1.5–4 m. Leaves opposite, elliptic to ovate, 12–28 × 5-15 cm, whitish to ferruginous pubescent, or rarely nearly glabrous, and then youngest leaves with at least some hairs, margin crenate-serrate, base unequal and broadly cuneate to attenuate, apex obtuse to acute or acuminate, petioles (1.5–) 4–10cm. Flowers 1–3 in cymes arising in the leaf axils, peduncles 5-90 mm long, ca. 1–2 mm in diameter, pedicels subtending a central pedicel 2–50 mm long, bracts lanceolate, 2–10 mm long; calyx pale green or occasionally white, 11–20 mm long, divided nearly to base, deciduous, usually densely pubescent externally; corolla tube 25–32 mm long, lobes 5–6 mm long; ovary 7–15 mm long, pubescent, style 6–18 mm long, pubescent. Berries pubescent, cylindrical, 2.1 cm long. Seeds ovoid, 0.4-0.5 mm long, the coats sculptured with coarse polygonal reticulations.
Marquesas Islands, occurring on Hiva Oa and Tahuata, and two collections from Ua Huka, 670–1130 m.
IUCN Red List Category: Endangered EN B1ab (i,ii,iii) + 2ab (i,ii,iii). B2: total area of occupancy less than 5000 km2 (ca. 564 km2). B1a, severely fragmented; B1b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
When
Marquesas Islands: Tahuata: Above Hamatea, on central crest of U’ua’o, 850 m, 31 May 1975,
Shrub to 1–4 m tall; stems ferruginous pubescent. Leaves opposite, densely ferruginous pubescent, elliptic to broadly elliptic, 12–22 × 5–9.5 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margins serrate, petioles 2–5 cm long. Flowers 1–3 in cymes to 20 cm, peduncles 6–8.5 cm long, ca. 2–3 mm in diameter, pedicels 20–35 mm, bracts ca. 4 mm; calyx green, 12–20 mm, divided almost to base, densely ferruginous pubescent deciduous; corolla ca. 25 mm long, tube cylindrical, 18–20 mm long, lobes suborbicular; ovary ca. 8–14 mm, densely pilose, style 4–5 mm, densely pilose. Immature fruit narrowly ovoid, ca. 15 mm long, densely pubescent.
Marquesas Islands, occurring on Hiva Oa and Tahuata, from 690 to 830 m.
IUCN Red List Category: Endangered EN B1ab(i,ii,iii) + 2ab(i,ii,iii). B2: total area of occupancy less than 5000 km2 (ca. 376 km2). B1a, severely fragmented; B1b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
Marquesas Islands: Fatu Hiva: Base of Mt. Natahu, on cliff face, 828 m, 1–3 August 1977, B. H. Gagné (S. L. Montgomery coll.) 1276 (holotype: BISH-510504!; isotype: US!).
Shrub ca. 0.2–0.3 m, with thick fleshy stems, densely woolly pubescent. Leaves opposite, very crowded on upper 2–3 nodes, stiff-coriaceous, elliptic, 7–10 × 3–5 cm, margins strongly revolute, apex obtuse, bases attenuate to cuneate, upper surface thinly long pilose, glabrate, lower surface densely ferruginous pubescent, petioles 0.5–1 cm. Flowers in condensed cymes, 2–2.5 cm, crowded between the leaves, bracts elliptic, ca. 10–15 mm long, peduncles 5–8 mm, ca. 1–2 mm in diameter, pedicels 6–13 mm; calyx ca. 13–15 mm long, divided ca. 3/4 its length; corolla white (none available on specimen). Berry unknown.
In the Marquesas known only from the type collections on Fatu Hiva at 830 m.
The type was collected on a cliff face, but the specific ecology of
IUCN Red List Category: Critically Endangered CR B2a + 2b (i, ii, iii). B1, total extent of occurrence less than 100 km2 (ca. 85 km2), a,b, known from a single location; B2a, estimated area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2 [one collection known]; B2b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The estimated area of occupancy for
Marquesas Islands: Nuku Hiva: Tovii, 800 m, October 1922, E. H. Quayle 1279 (holotype: BISH-509964!).
Shrubs 1.5–2 m tall; stems usually few. Leaves opposite, borne on upper few nodes, peltate, suborbicular, 7–10 × 6–9 cm, ferruginous glandular pubescent, margins coarsely dentate, petioles 5–10 cm. Cymes few-flowered, ca. 2.5–3 cm; bracts ca. 5–6 mm, deciduous, peduncles ca. 10 mm, ca. 1.5–2 mm in diameter, pedicels 12–25 mm; calyx campanulate, 10–17 mm, densely ferruginous glandular pubescent, divided ca. ¼–1/3 of length, lobes acute, 4–5 mm; corolla funnelform, tube ca. 25–35 mm, the lobes rounded, ca. 6–10 mm; ovary conical-ovoid, 5 mm, glabrous; style ca. 13 mm long, glabrous in the lower portion, slightly pubescent near the apex. Berry ovoid, ca. 15 mm long.
Marquesas Islands, very rare or perhaps extinct, endemic to Toovii Plateau, Nuku Hiva, ca. 800–900 m. It is known from three collections collected in 1844, 1922, and the most recent in 1982.
IUCN Red List Categories: Critically Endangered CR B2a + 2b (i, ii, iii). B1, extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2; B2, area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2 (ca. 9 km2), and B2a, a single population known; b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
We are grateful to the Bishop Museum herbarium (BISH) for access and loans to their collections, which form a critical early component to understanding